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OpAmps Project: Build an Amplified Stereo Mic Kit -- The Learning Circuit 69

cstanton — Sun, 24 Nov 2024 20:22:10 GMT

Current Revision posted to Documents by cstanton on 11/24/2024 8:22:10 PM

OpAmps Project: Build an Amplified Stereo Mic Kit

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

In the previous lesson, Karen talked about how op amps work and the many ways they can be used. In this episode, Karen assembles the Velleman MK136, Super Stereo Ear Kit. This kit uses a NE5532 Op Amp to boost the audio input from two onboard microphones to an audio output jack. While a speaker is not included in the kit, there is a potentiometer that acts as volume control. Follow along as Karen walks you through soldering the kit together and then see it in action!

Bill of Material:

Product Name	Manufacturer	Quantity	Buy KitBuy Kit
MK136 -Hobby Project Kit, Super Stereo Ear, Stereo Audio Amplifier, 2 x Microphones	Velleman	1	Buy NowBuy Now
DSOX1204G -Digital Oscilloscope, InfiniiVision 1000 X-Series, 4 Channel, 70 MHz, 2 GSPS, 1 Mpts, 5 ns	Keysight	1	Buy NowBuy Now
AA Batteries	Pro Elec	3	Buy NowBuy Now

Additional Parts:

Product Name
Speaker with 3.5mm audio cable

community.element14.com/.../manual_5F00_mk136.pdf

Tags: opampsch, audio, aa batteries, amplifier, e14presents_makerkaren, the learning circuit, oscilloscope, microphones, stereo

The Learning Circuit 73: How Decade Counters Work

cstanton — Wed, 23 Aug 2023 10:09:15 GMT

Revision 3 posted to Documents by cstanton on 8/23/2023 10:09:15 AM

In this video, Karen teaches how decade counters work. They are integrated circuits that use logic gates, flip flops, and a clock signal to cascade a high output signal across ten outputs. Decade counters typically may count in one of three binary methods, decade, BCD, or bi-quinary. They can be used to control 7-segment displays, an array of LEDs, and more. Follow along as Karen explains all of these concepts and the internal workings of decade counters.

www.youtube.com/watch

How Decade Counters Work

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

Tags: bi-quinary, clock, decade, bcd, e14presents_karencorbeill, binary, logic gates, timer, clock pulse, flip flops, knight rider

The Learning Circuit 73: How Decade Counters Work

cstanton — Wed, 23 Aug 2023 10:08:23 GMT

Revision 2 posted to Documents by cstanton on 8/23/2023 10:08:23 AM

www.youtube.com/watch

How Decade Counters Work

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

Tags: bi-quinary, clock, decade, bcd, e14presents_karencorbeill, binary, logic gates, timer, clock pulse, flip flops, knight rider

The Learning Circuit 47: Soldering A Voice Changer Kit

kellyhensen — Thu, 18 May 2023 13:33:54 GMT

Revision 3 posted to Documents by kellyhensen on 5/18/2023 1:33:54 PM

Soldering A Voice Changer Kit

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | VCP Biography: Karen | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

The last episode we learned all about sound components, those that make them and those that interpret them. In this episode, Karen assembles as Velleman MK171 Voice Changer kit. She walks you through the instructions, reviewing symbols, components, and concepts learned in previous episodes. This circuit has uses 2 IC chips, LM386N op-amp, and an HT8950, voice modulator chip. When sound is interpreted by the microphone, the signal goes through these ICs, is processed, and changed to modulate the user’s voice. Using the tac switch buttons on the PCB, the voice can be changed, adding vibrato, adjusting the pitch up and down, or made to sound like a robot. The circuit also includes variable resistors that allow for changing the microphone sensitivity and the speaker’s output volume. Batteries and speaker not included.

Bill of Materials

Product Name	Manufacturer	Quantity	Buy Kit
Digital Voice Recorder Single Message Kit	Vellemam	1	Buy Now
Speaker, Micro, Dynamic, 0.3 W, 8 ohm, 92 dB, 560 Hz to 7 kHz	Kignstate	1	Buy Now
Speaker, Mini, Dynamic, 2 W, 8 ohm, 200 Hz to 20 kHz	Multicomp Pro	1	Buy Now
Battery, 9 V, PP3, Alkaline, 565 mAh, Snap Contact	Multicomp Pro	1	Buy Now

Attachments:

community.element14.com/.../47-Electronic-Voice-Changer-Script.pdf	47 Electronic Voice Changer Script.pdf

Tags: element14 presesents, 9 v battery, e14presents_makerkaren, voice changer kit, the learning circuit, thelearningcircuit, speaker

The Learning Circuit 47: Soldering A Voice Changer Kit

kellyhensen — Wed, 17 May 2023 14:27:22 GMT

Revision 2 posted to Documents by kellyhensen on 5/17/2023 2:27:22 PM

Soldering A Voice Changer Kit

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | VCP Biography: Karen | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

Bill of Materials

Product Name	Manufacturer	Quantity	Buy KitBuy Kit
Voice Changer Kit	Velleman	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Speaker (Option 1)	Kingstate	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Speaker (Option 2)	Pro Signal	1	Buy NowBuy Now
9V Battery	Pro Elec	1	Buy NowBuy Now

Attachments:

community.element14.com/.../47-Electronic-Voice-Changer-Script.pdf	47 Electronic Voice Changer Script.pdf

Tags: element14 presesents, 9 v battery, e14presents_makerkaren, voice changer kit, the learning circuit, thelearningcircuit, speaker

The Learning Circuit 71: 555 Timers - How a One Shot Timer Works

kellyhensen — Thu, 14 Jul 2022 14:05:56 GMT

Revision 2 posted to Documents by kellyhensen on 7/14/2022 2:05:56 PM

555 Timers - How a One Shot Timer Works

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

Karen has been digging into 555 timers for a bit now. In a previous video, she did an overview of the 3 different modes in which a 555 timer can be used. In this video, Karen goes into further detail about one of those modes: Monostable. Monostable mode is also known as a “one-shot” timer. In this mode, a single input signal of the 555 timer triggers it’s output to go high. The design of the rest of the external circuit will then cause the output to automatically reset back to low. Karen explains what’s happening inside the 555 to make this work, as well as showing a practical example of how to create this circuit on a breadboard.

Bill of Material:

Product Name	Manufacturer	Quantity	Buy KitBuy Kit
Breadboard, MCM 60 rows, ABS, 8.5mm, 165mm x 56mm	Multicomp	1	Buy NowBuy Now
LM555CN - Timer, Oscillator & Pulse Generator IC, TTL Compatible, Astable, Monostable, 4.5 V to 16 V, DIP-8	On Semiconductor	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Ceramic Disc Capacitor, 0.01 µF, 100 V, ± 20%, 5 mm	Vishay	1	Buy NowBuy Now
140 Pc. Jumper Wire Kit, 22 AWG, Solid, Assorted Lengths and Colors	Twin Industries	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 220 ohm, 400 mW, ± 1%	Vishay	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 1 kohm, 500 mW, ± 1%	TT ELECTRONICS / WELWYN	2	Buy NowBuy Now
Red LED, Through Hole, 5mm, 20 mA, 2.1 V	LED TECHNOLOGY	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Tactile Switch, 12mm, Yellow, Top Actuated, Through Hole, Round Button, 24 VDC, 50mA	Omron	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Tactile Switch, 12mm, Red, 12 VDC, 50mA	Multicomp	1	Buy NowBuy Now

Additional Parts:

Product Name
Desktop Power Supply

Tags: one shot timer, monostable, tlc, e14presents_makerkaren, through hole resistor, desktop power supply, 555 timer, 555 timers, 555

The Learning Circuit 70: 555 Timers - How Bistable Mode Works

kellyhensen — Thu, 14 Jul 2022 14:05:24 GMT

Revision 2 posted to Documents by kellyhensen on 7/14/2022 2:05:24 PM

555 Timers - How Bistable Mode Works

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

Karen has been digging into 555 timers for a bit now. In a previous video, she did an overview of the 3 different modes in which a 555 timer can be used. In this video, Karen goes into further detail about one of those modes: Bistable. In bistable mode, signals at two inputs are used to manually set the output of the 555 timer high or low. For example, one button could trigger the output to turn a light on, while a second button could reset the output to turn the light off. This video goes over what is happening in the 555 timer internally to make this type of circuit work. Karen also presents a practical example on a breadboard to show using a 555 timer in bistable mode.

Bill of Material:

Product Name	Manufacturer	Quantity	Buy KitBuy Kit
Breadboard, MCM 60 rows, ABS, 8.5mm, 165mm x 56mm	Multicomp	1	Buy NowBuy Now
LM555CN - Timer, Oscillator & Pulse Generator IC, TTL Compatible, Astable, Monostable, 4.5 V to 16 V, DIP-8	On Semiconductor	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Ceramic Disc Capacitor, 0.01 µF, 100 V, ± 20%, 5 mm	Vishay	1	Buy NowBuy Now
140 Pc. Jumper Wire Kit, 22 AWG, Solid, Assorted Lengths and Colors	Twin Industries	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 220 ohm, 400 mW, ± 1%	Vishay	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 1 kohm, 500 mW, ± 1%	TT ELECTRONICS / WELWYN	2	Buy NowBuy Now
Red LED, Through Hole, 5mm, 20 mA, 2.1 V	LED TECHNOLOGY	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Tactile Switch, 12mm, Yellow, Top Actuated, Through Hole, Round Button, 24 VDC, 50mA	Omron	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Tactile Switch, 12mm, Red, 12 VDC, 50mA	Multicomp	1	Buy NowBuy Now

Additional Parts:

Product Name
Desktop Power Supply

Tags: e14presents_karencorbeill, bistable, e14presents_makerkaren, the learning circuit 70: 555 timers - how bistable mode, 555 timer, 555 timers, 555

The Learning Circuit 67: 555 Timer Project | Flashing LED Headband

kellyhensen — Thu, 14 Jul 2022 14:04:45 GMT

Revision 2 posted to Documents by kellyhensen on 7/14/2022 2:04:45 PM

555 Timer Project | Flashing LED Headband

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

555 timers are one of the most popular and versatile ICs on the market. In the previous lesson, we learned how 555 timers get used in circuits. There are three main types of circuits in which they are used, monostable, bistable, and astable. Astable circuits are likely the most common use for 555 timers. In this episode, Karen shows how to create an astable circuit using a 555 timer. Follow along as she uses resistors and capacitors to create an RC circuit to affect the timing of the circuit. Karen’s final circuit uses a 4-position DIP switch to allow for the use of 4 different resistors and therefore 4 speeds to control the flashing of LEDs. While Karen uses this circuit to create flashing lights on a headband and a hat, the uses are endless. Try your hand at making the circuit and use it to make art, on decorations, or create warning lights. Come up with other ideas for how to use this circuit and post them in the comments below!

Final Schematic	Circuit Layout

Supplemental Content:

Bill of Material:

Product Name	Manufacturer	Quantity	Buy KitBuy Kit
Electrolytic Capacitor, Miniature, 10 µF, 25 V, 515D Series, ± 20%, Radial Leaded, 5 mm	Vishay	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Ceramic Disc Capacitor, 0.01 µF, 100 V, ± 20%, 5 mm	Vishay	1	Buy NowBuy Now
LM555CN - Timer, Oscillator & Pulse Generator IC, TTL Compatible, Astable, Monostable, 4.5 V to 16 V, DIP-8	On Semiconductor	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 220 ohm, 400 mW, ± 1%	Vishay	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 1 kohm, 500 mW, ± 1%	TT ELECTRONICS / WELWYN	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 22 kohm, 250 mW, ± 1%, Axial Leaded, 200 V	TE Connectivity	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 47 kohm, 250 mW, - 1%, 200 V, Axial Leaded	TE Connectivity	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 100 kohm, 250 mW, ± 1%, Axial Leaded, 200 V	TE Connectivity	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 220 kohm, 250 mW, ± 1%, Axial Leaded, 250 V	Multicomp	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Prototype Board, 25 x 15 grid, 1.6 mm, 72 mm, 47 mm	Multicomp	1	Buy NowBuy Now
LED, Cool White, Through Hole, T-1 3/4 (5mm), 20 mA, 3.2 V	Cree		Buy NowBuy Now
Slide Switch, SPDT, On-On, 2.54mm, Through Hole, Side, 4 A, 250 V	APEM	1	Buy NowBuy Now
DIP / SIP Switch, Raised Rocker, 4 Circuits, Rocker, Through Hole, SPST, 30 VDC, 150 mA	GRAYHILL	1	Buy NowBuy Now
2226TG -Contact, 2226 Series, Socket, Crimp, 24 AWG, Pin	Multicomp	2	Buy NowBuy Now
2226A-02 -Connector Housing, 2226 Series, Receptacle(Female), 2 Positions, 2.54 mm	Multicomp	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Wire-To-Board Connector, 2.54 mm, 2 Contacts, Header, Male, 90deg	AMP - TE CONNECTIVITY	1	Buy NowBuy Now
9V battery snap, flexible	Multicomp	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Battery, 9 V, PP3, Alkaline, 565 mAh	Pro Elec	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Hook-up Wire Spool Set - 22AWG Solid Core - 10 x 25ft	Adafruit	1	Buy NowBuy Now

Additional Parts:

Product Name
LED strand or chosen Light source

Tags: through hole resistors, e14presents_karencorbeill, e14presents_makerkaren, electrolytic capacitors, the learning circuit, 555 timer, led, 555 timers, multicomp, 555

The Learning Circuit: 63: LED Dominos Using a 555 Timer

kellyhensen — Thu, 14 Jul 2022 13:53:17 GMT

Revision 2 posted to Documents by kellyhensen on 7/14/2022 1:53:17 PM

LED Dominos Using a 555 Timer

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

In the last lesson, we learned what happens inside a 555 timer to make it work. In today’s episode, Karen uses 555 timers to make LED “dominos”. Each unit has an LED connected to the output of a 555 timer and an LDR attached to the trigger. When the LDR senses light, the 555 is triggered turning the light on for a brief period of time. When multiple units are placed in a row, each one triggers the next. The duration that each light is on is determined by an “RC circuit” made of a resistor and capacitor. Changing their values can change the duration that the light is on.

The idea for this project came from a video made by Randy Elwin back in 2011. Karen uses his idea to make a similar device to show off using a 555 timer in a monostable circuit. (Learn more about monostable circuits in the NEXT lesson about 555 timers.) Shining a light on the LDR triggers Pin 2 and the 555 is “set” on. The RC circuit connected to pins 6 & 7 eventually cause the voltage at Pin 6 to go High enough to reset the 555, turning the LED off.

Bill of Material:

Product Name	Manufacturer	Quantity	Buy KitBuy Kit
Electrolytic Capacitor, Miniature, 100 µF, 50 V, HE Series, ± 20%, Radial Leaded, 8 mm	nichicon	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Ceramic Disc Capacitor, 0.01 µF, 100 V, ± 20%, 5 mm	Vishay	1	Buy NowBuy Now
LM555CN - Timer, Oscillator & Pulse Generator IC, TTL Compatible, Astable, Monostable, 4.5 V to 16 V, DIP-8	On Semiconductor	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 220 ohm, 400 mW, ± 1%	Vishay	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Through Hole Resistor, 10 kohm, 250 mW, ± 1%	TE Connectivity	2	Buy NowBuy Now
Photo Resistor	Adafruit	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Prototype Board, 25 x 15 grid, 1.6 mm, 72 mm, 47 mm	Multicomp	1	Buy NowBuy Now
LED, Cool White, Through Hole, T-1 3/4 (5mm), 20 mA, 3.2 V	Cree	1	Buy NowBuy Now
9V battery snap, flexible	Multicomp	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Battery, 9 V, PP3, Alkaline, 565 mAh	Pro Elec	1	Buy NowBuy Now
Hook-up Wire Spool Set - 22AWG Solid Core - 10 x 25ft	Adafruit	1	Buy NowBuy Now

Tags: 9v battery snap, tlc, hook-up wire spool set, e14presents_karencorbeill, e14presents_makerkaren, through hole resistor, ceramic disc capacitor, ldr, prototype board, dominos, 555 timer, led, photo resistor, 555 timers, electrolytic capacitor, 555

The Learning Circuit 66: 555 Timer Modes Explained

kellyhensen — Thu, 14 Jul 2022 13:52:34 GMT

Revision 2 posted to Documents by kellyhensen on 7/14/2022 1:52:34 PM

555 Timer Modes Explained

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

In the previous episode, we learned about how 555 timers work on the inside. In this episode, we learn how 555 timers are used in circuits. There are three basic types of 555 timer circuits; astable, monostable, and bistable. Bistable circuits have two inputs that can manually set and reset the output of the 555 timer. Monostable circuits have one manual input and contain an RC circuit made of a capacitor and resistors. The manual input triggers the 555 timer output to be set high, and the RC circuit determines how long it will remain high until it causes the 555 to reset and the output to go low. Astable circuits are often the most commonly used of the three types. They have no stable output and no manual input, but rather the output automatically switches between high and low at a rate determined by the values of the RC circuit.

Tags: monostable, rc circuit, e14presents_karencorbeill, bistable, e14presents_makerkaren, capacitors, resistors, the learning circuit, 555 timer, astable, 555 timers, 555

The Learning Circuit 69: OpAmps Project: Build an Amplified Stereo Mic Kit

tariq.ahmad — Wed, 23 Feb 2022 16:24:13 GMT

Revision 2 posted to Documents by tariq.ahmad on 2/23/2022 4:24:13 PM

OpAmps Project: Build an Amplified Stereo Mic Kit

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

Bill of Material:

Product Name	Manufacturer	Quantity	Buy KitBuy Kit
MK136 -Hobby Project Kit, Super Stereo Ear, Stereo Audio Amplifier, 2 x Microphones	Velleman	1	Buy NowBuy Now
DSOX1204G -Digital Oscilloscope, InfiniiVision 1000 X-Series, 4 Channel, 70 MHz, 2 GSPS, 1 Mpts, 5 ns	Keysight	1	Buy NowBuy Now
AA Batteries	Pro Elec	3	Buy NowBuy Now

Additional Parts:

Product Name
Speaker with 3.5mm audio cable

Tags: opampsch, audio, aa batteries, amplifier, e14presents_makerkaren, the learning circuit, oscilloscope, microphones, stereo

The Learning Circuit 68: How Op Amps Work

tariq.ahmad — Wed, 23 Feb 2022 16:23:31 GMT

Revision 2 posted to Documents by tariq.ahmad on 2/23/2022 4:23:31 PM

How Op Amps Work

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

In this video, Karen presents and introduction of op amps how various ways they can be used in circuits. At a basic level, op amps are quite simple. They compare the voltages at their two outputs and use the difference in voltages to determine how the signal is amplified. The differential voltage at the inputs often needs to only be a few microvolts to generate an amplified signals. To be able to finely control the gain, a feedback loop must be created between the op amp’s output and one of the inputs. This loop usually contains a resistor and/or capacitor to have finer control of the gain. Check out this Intro to Op Amps episode to learn more about how op amp works and a variety of its applications.

Tags: inverting, monostable, opampsch, differentiator, subtractor, gain, e14presents_karencorbeill, e14presents_makerkaren, summing, astable, negative feedback, non-inverting, feedback, adder, multivibrator, differential

The Learning Circuit 98: Transformers in Action: Tesla Coils

tariq.ahmad — Tue, 09 Nov 2021 01:55:18 GMT

Revision 1 posted to Documents by tariq.ahmad on 11/9/2021 1:55:18 AM

Transformers in Action: Tesla Coils

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

In Karen’s most recent episode of The Learning Circuit, she shows off some of the most amazing types of transformers, the Tesla coil. Tesla coils are a type of step-up transformer that incorporates a special type, called a resonant transformer. These function at a high voltage and high frequency. That high frequency can be modulated to even play music. The visible sparks generated actually excite the air surrounding the coil, and make sound. Watch as Karen shows off 5 kits and see how incredible these transformers are.

Tags: oscillations, lc circuit, e14presents_makerkaren, oscillator, oscillating, ac, alternating current, secondary coil, resonant, induction, tesla coil, primary coil, inductor, step up, frequency

The Learning Circuit 97: How Do Transformers Work?

tariq.ahmad — Tue, 09 Nov 2021 01:54:48 GMT

Revision 1 posted to Documents by tariq.ahmad on 11/9/2021 1:54:48 AM

How Do Transformers Work?

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

In this video, Karen talks about how transformers work. When current passes through a wire, an electromagnetic field is formed. As that field changes, forming or collapsing, it creates electromotive force which can cause electrons in nearby conductors to move. This is how induction works. Transformers work through mutual induction, where current passes through a primary coil and INDUCES current in a secondary coil. In this way, power can be transferred and transformed without needing a physical, electrical connection. Check out the video as Karen dives deeper into the science of why and how this works as well as the uses for transformers.

Tags: core, current, e14presents_makerkaren, magnetic field, alternating current, step down, turns, laminations, permeability, three phase, coil, induction, inductor, flux, step up, Single Phase, electromotive force

The Learning Circuit 93: How Do ADCs Work?

tariq.ahmad — Wed, 06 Oct 2021 22:37:51 GMT

Revision 1 posted to Documents by tariq.ahmad on 10/6/2021 10:37:51 PM

How Do ADCs Work?

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

We live in an analog world, but our computers and electronics need to translate signals into binary in order to process them. In order to interpret analog signals from various sensors and inputs, processors use ADCs to convert them to digital signals. Watch along as Karen explains in depth how ADCs work in various ways to convert analog signals into binary, digital signals.

Tags: digital ramp, shift register, ramp, sample frequency, sar, sawtooth, waveform, bits, digital, e14presents_karencorbeill, binary, parallel encoding, sample rate, sigma-delta, delta-encoded, step recovery, resolution, tracking, comparator, flash, ramp compare, slope, analog, successive approximation register

The Learning Circuit 92: DIY AC Waveform Function Generator Kit

tariq.ahmad — Wed, 06 Oct 2021 22:37:16 GMT

Revision 1 posted to Documents by tariq.ahmad on 10/6/2021 10:37:16 PM

DIY AC Waveform Function Generator Kit

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

After just learning about alternating current, Karen solders and assembles a function generator kit in order to generate various waveforms. Once complete, Karen connects the function generator to her oscilloscope to see the various square, sine, and triangle waves. Check out the video to see what happens when Karen also connects a speaker and a string of LEDs!

Tags: sine wave, square wave, e14presents_makerkaren, triangle wave, function generator, amplitude, frequency

The Learning Circuit 91: How Does Alternating Current Work?

tariq.ahmad — Wed, 06 Oct 2021 22:36:40 GMT

Revision 1 posted to Documents by tariq.ahmad on 10/6/2021 10:36:40 PM

How Does Alternating Current Work?

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

So far, The Learning Circuit has focused on DC circuits. Well no more! It’s time to learn about the other major form of power, AC, alternating current. In this video, Karen explains the difference between DC and AC while also talking about how AC can be found in DC circuits. She also explains the various waveform types of AC, how AC is measured, how AC is generated, and how AC can be found around the world.

Tags: phase cancellation, waveform, e14presents_karencorbeill, rectifier, phase, square wave, dynamo, rms, alternator, sawtooth wave, alternating current, e14_makerkaren, triangle wave, hertz, transformer, root mean square, rms voltage, in phase, amplitude, out of phase, cycles, frequency

The Learning Circuit 89: How Do Hall Effect Sensors Work?

tariq.ahmad — Wed, 06 Oct 2021 22:35:41 GMT

Revision 1 posted to Documents by tariq.ahmad on 10/6/2021 10:35:41 PM

How Do Hall Effect Sensors Work?

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

At an atomic level, electromagnetic fields are what makes electricity work. In a previous video, Electricity and Magnetism, Karen talks about how they work together in electronics. In this video, Karen introduces a sensor that is triggered by magnetic fields, the hall effect sensor. While Karen has used reed switches, an electromechanical magnetic switch, in an escape room puzzle in a previous video, here she shows how hall effect sensors use magnetic fields as either digital (on/off) or analog (linear) switches that are purely electrical with no moving parts. This video continues the exploration of electricity and magnetism also covered in Intro to DC Motors and Intro to Speakers & Microphones.

Tags: hall voltage, digital, electromagnetism, linear, e14presents_karencorbeill, magnetic flux, flux density, bipolar, polarity, schmidt trigger, e14_makerkaren, magnetic fields, electric current, lorentz force, permeability, magnets, air gap, analog, unipolar

The Learning Circuit 87: How Thermistors Work

tariq.ahmad — Wed, 06 Oct 2021 22:34:20 GMT

Revision 1 posted to Documents by tariq.ahmad on 10/6/2021 10:34:20 PM

How Thermistors Work

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

In a previous episode, Karen talked about variable resistors, resistors that can change their resistance between 0 and an approximate maximum rating. In this video, Karen talks about a type of variable resistor that changes resistance in response to temperature changes in its environment. Watch to find out the difference between NTC and PTC thermistors, and more.

Tags: the_learning_circuit, switching thermistor, ntc, linear, e14presents_karencorbeill, temperature fuse, ptc, temperature, thermistor, variable resistor, epoxy, non-linear, temperature coefficient, sensor

The Learning Circuit 83: How Laser Diodes Work

tariq.ahmad — Wed, 06 Oct 2021 22:30:32 GMT

Revision 1 posted to Documents by tariq.ahmad on 10/6/2021 10:30:32 PM

How Laser Diodes Work

The Learning Circuit | element14 presents | Project Videos

www.youtube.com/watch

In this The Learning Circuit lesson, Karen teaches about laser diodes. She begins by explaining how a standard PN diode works. However, laser diodes are PIN diodes. Understanding the I, which stands for “intrinsic” layer, is important to understanding what makes laser diodes different, and how they are able to produce such a small, focused beam. Since laser diodes can be dangerous, Karen reviews laser safety, then wraps up the video by showing off some of the many uses for laser diodes. Keep your eyes peeled for the next video from The Learning Circuit where Karen shows how to use a laser diode to make a trip wire alarm!

Tags: lens, intrinsic, diode, e14presents_makerkaren, pn diode, pin diode, wavelength, p-type, n-type, semiconductor, collimation, BEAM, laser, coherence, depletion zone