“Non-Linearity of Resistance/Temperature Characteristic: Its Influence on Performance of Precision Resistors” by Dr. Felix Zandman and Joseph Szwarc presents test data showing how and why Bulk Metal Z-Foil resistors exhibit the lowest TCR over a wide range of temperatures and the smallest non-linearity of the ΔR/R = f(T) curve, or rate of change of TCR with temperature. This combination makes VFR resistors the best solution for applications requiring high stability of the ohmic value and/or of a ratio of values. Low TCR over a wide temperature range leads also to a reduction of resistance change due to the Joule effect reducing the thermal stabilization time regardless of ambient temperature and load.