The wallet-sized system interprets tens of images with megapixel resolutions in real time, allowing it to respond to changes in its surroundings as a human might.
Developed by Yale University engineers, the entire supercomputer can be fitted on to semiconductors small enough to fit in a person's pocket.
However, it is more likely to be installed in cars, to allow them to avoid obstacles automatically, or to provide 360-degree visibility in combat situations.
While computers already exist that can process similar levels of graphical information, they typically require a 300-Watt power supply.
The miniature supercomputer, named NeuFlow, can operate with power less than that consumed by a mobile phone.
Developer Dr Eugenio Culurciello specialises in mixed-mode and analogue integrated circuits for use in sensors of a variety of different types.
