The use of power supplies in harsh, remote environments brings with it many fundamental design issues that must be fully understood if long-term reliability is to be attained. For designers of communications equipment downtime is not an option. Both revenues and safety can be compromised under such circumstances. For example, cell enhancers and repeaters using bi-directional amplifiers for on-line signal repeating and boosting are widely deployed around the world for on-line signal repeating and boosting are widely deployed around the world for improving network coverage in buildings, tunnels, metros, stadiums and other areas of poor signal propagation. Problems with public mobile radio systems can be particularly serious in applications such as transport communications systems, particularly those used by the emergency services.