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悬架系统知识

apple_lol
apple_lol over 15 years ago

前悬架系统 

 

    前悬架目前基本上都采用独立悬架系统,即左右两个车轮各自独立地通过悬挂装置与车体相连,也就意味着可以各自独立地上下跳动。悬架系统由连杆机构和弹簧、减震器组成三角形、四边形或其它形状的连接方式以固定车轮与车身的相对位置,在弹簧的作用下使车轮可以相对车身上下运动。最常见的有双横臂式和麦佛逊(又称滑柱摆臂式)。
 
    双横臂式悬架由上短下长两根横臂连接车轮与车身,两根横臂都非真正的杆状,而是大体上类似英文字母Y或C,这样的设计既是为了增加强度,提高定位精度,也为减震器和弹簧的安装留出了空间和安装位置。同时,下横臂的长度较长,且与车轮中心大致处于同一水平线上,这样做的目的是为了在车轮跳动导致下横臂摆动时,不致产生太大的摆动角,也就保证了车轮的倾角不会产生太大变化。这种结构比较复杂,但经久耐用,同时减震器的负荷小,寿命长。 

 

    滑柱摆臂式悬架结构相对比较简单,只有下横臂和减震器-弹簧组两个机构连接车轮与车身,它的优点是结构简单,重量轻,占用空间小,上下行程长等。缺点是由于减震器——弹簧组充当了主销的角色,使它同时也承受了地面作用于车轮上的横向力,因此在上下运动时阻力较大,磨损也就增加了。且当急转弯时,由于车身侧倾,左右两车轮也随之向外侧倾斜,出现不足转向,弹簧越软这种倾向越大。 

 

    后悬架系统 

 

    后悬架系统的种类比前悬架要多,原因之一是驱动方式的不同决定着后车轴的有无,也与车身重量有关。主要有连杆式和摆臂式两种。 

 

    连杆式主要是在FR驱动方式,并且后车轴左右一体化(与中间的差速器刚性连接)的情况下使用的,过去多采用钢板弹簧支撑车身,现在从提高行车平顺性考虑,多使用连杆式和后面要说的摆臂式,并且使用平顺性好的螺旋弹簧。连杆在左右两侧各有一对,分为上拉杆和下拉杆,作为传递横向力(汽车驱动力)的机构,通常再与一根横向推力杆一起组成五连杆式构成。横向推力杆一端连接车身,一端连接车轴,其目的是为了防止车轴(或车身)横向窜动。当车轴因颠簸而上下运动时,横向推力杆会以与车身连接的接点为轴做画圆弧的运动,如果摆动角度过大会使车轴与车身之间产生明显的横向相对运动,与下摆臂的原理类似,横向推力杆也要设计得比较长,以减小摆动角。 

 

    连杆式悬架与车轴形成一体,弹簧下方质量大,且左右车轮不能独立运动,所以颠簸路面对车身产生的冲击能量比较大,平顺性差。因此采用了摆臂方式,这种方式是仅车轴中间的差速器固定,左右半轴在差速器与车轮之间设万向节,并以其为中心摆动,车轮与车架之间用Y型下摆臂连接。“Y”的单独一端与车轮刚性连接,另外两个端点与车架连接并形成转动轴。根据这个转动轴是否与车轴平行,摆臂式悬架又分为全拖动式摆臂和半拖动式摆臂,平行的是全拖动式,不平行的叫半拖动式。

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