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差速器知识

apple_lol
apple_lol over 14 years ago

驱动桥两侧的驱动轮若用一根整轴刚性连接,则两轮只能以相同的角速度旋转。这样,当汽车转向行驶时,由于外侧车轮要比内侧车轮移过的距离大,将使外侧车轮在滚动的同时产生滑拖,而内侧车轮在滚动的同时产生滑转。即使是汽车直线行驶,也会因路面不平或虽然路面平直但轮胎滚动半径不等(轮胎制造误差、磨损不同、受载不均或气压不等)而引起车轮的滑动。 

 

    车轮滑动时不仅加剧轮胎磨损、增加功率和燃料消耗,还会使汽车转向困难、制动性能变差。为使车轮尽可能不发生滑动,在结构上必须保证各车辆能以不同的角速度转动。通常从动车轮用轴承支承在心轴上,使之能以任何角速度旋转,而驱动车轮分别与两根半轴刚性连接,在两根半轴之间装有差速器。这种差速器又称为轮间差速器。 

 

    多轴驱动的越野汽车,为使各驱动桥能以不同角速度旋转,以消除各桥上驱动轮的滑动,有的在两驱动桥之间装有轴间差速器。 

 

    现代汽车上的差速器通常按其工作特性分为齿轮式差速器和防滑差速器两大类。 
    齿轮式差速器当左右驱动轮存在转速差时,差速器分配给慢转驱动轮的转矩大于快转驱动轮的转矩。这种差速器转矩均分特性能满足汽车在良好路面上正常行驶。但当汽车在坏路上行驶时,却严重影响通过能力。例如当汽车的一个驱动轮陷入泥泞路面时,虽然另一驱动轮在良好路面上,汽车却往往不能前进(俗称打滑)。此时在泥泞路面上的驱动轮原地滑转,在良好路面上的车轮却静止不动。这是因为在泥泞路面上的车轮与路面之间的附着力较小,路面只能通过此轮对半轴作用较小的反作用力矩,因此差速器分配给此轮的转矩也较小,尽管另一驱动轮与良好路面间的附着力较大,但因平均分配转矩的特点,使这一驱动轮也只能分到与滑转驱动轮等量的转矩,以致驱动力不足以克服行驶阻力,汽车不能前进,而动力则消耗在滑转驱动轮上。此时加大油门不仅不能使汽车前进,反而浪费燃油,加速机件磨损,尤其使轮胎磨损加剧。有效的解决办法是:挖掉滑转驱动轮下的稀泥或在此轮下垫干土、碎石、树枝、干草等。 

 

    为提高汽车在坏路上的通过能力,某些越野汽车及高级轿车上装置防滑差速器。防滑差速器的特点是,当一侧驱动轮在坏路上滑转时,能使大部分甚至全部转矩传给在良好路面上的驱动轮,以充分利用这一驱动轮的附着力来产生足够的驱动力,使汽车顺利起步或继续行驶。

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