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Forum 起重机类型及雏形
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起重机类型及雏形

YYD
YYD over 14 years ago

在建桥工程中所用的起重机械,根据其构造和性能的不同,一般可分为轻小型起重设备、桥式类型起重机械和臂架类型起重机三大类。轻小型起重设备如:千斤顶、葫芦、卷扬机等。桥架类型起重机械如梁式起重机、龙门起重机等。臂架类型起重机如固定式回转起重机、塔式起重机、汽车起重机、轮胎、履带起重机等。

  在一定范围内垂直提升和水平搬运重物的多动作起重机械。又称吊车。属于物料搬运机械。起重机的工作特点是做间歇性运动,即在一个工作循环中取料、运移、卸载等动作的相应机构是交替工作的。

中国古代灌溉农田用的桔是臂架型起重机的雏形。14世纪,西欧出现了人力和畜力驱动的转动臂架型起重机。19世纪前期,出现了桥式起重机;起重机的重要磨损件如轴、齿轮和吊具等开始采用金属材料制造,并开始采用水力驱动。19世纪后期,蒸汽驱动的起重机逐渐取代了水力驱动的起重机。20世纪20年代开始,由于电气工业和内燃机工业迅速发展,以电动机或内燃机为动力装置的各种起重机基本形成。

  起重机主要包括起升机构、运行机构、变幅机构、回转机构和金属结构等。起升机构是起重机的基本工作机构,大多是由吊挂系统和绞车组成,也有通过液压系统升降重物的。运行机构用以纵向水平运移重物或调整起重机的工作位置,一般是由电动机、减速器、制动器和车轮组成。变幅机构只配备在臂架型起重机上,臂架仰起时幅度减小,俯下时幅度增大,分平衡变幅和非平衡变幅两种。回转机构用以使臂架回转,是由驱动装置和回转支承装置组成。金属结构是起重机的骨架,主要承载件如桥架、臂架和门架可为箱形结构或桁架结构,也可为腹板结构,有的可用型钢作为支承梁。

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