There are a couple of weather satellites that continuously transmit unencrypted images and data back to earth. Some are geostationary like the GOES satellites, and some have polar orbits like the NOOA and Meteor satellites. With right equipment it is possible capture, demodulate and decode the data transmitted by these satellites. Meteor satellites are russian, and currently 2 of them are operational (Meteor M N2 (More info) and Meteor M N2-2 (More info)). As it can be seen in the links, these satellites transmit at different bands through different protocols/services, one of them is the Low-Rate Picture Transmission (LRPT), which is transmitted at 137.1 and 137.9 MHz (Wikipedia link). LRPT uses QPSK and OQPSK modulation (Wikipedia link) and Reed-Solomon (Wikipedia link) forward error correction. Forward error correction allows the receiver to the "fix" corrupted data, allowing in this way the reception of data at a lower SNR.
There are many hardware alternatives to receive the data, I used an Ettus B200 SDR with a hand-tracked rabbits ear antenna. I used HDSDR to record the signal, SDR# with a meteor demodulator plugin to demodulate it, Medet to decode it, and "Smooth Meteor" to "correct" the image (compensate for the distortion caused by the earth spherical form). Here is an example of what I was able to receive:
