Simple polygons producing large gerber files

The line width of the polygon can make a difference.

"Michael Sansom" <mssansom@hotmail.com> wrote in message

news:i033g5$s30$1@cheetah.cadsoft.de...

Guys,

>

I'm making a planar PCB antenna.  So, I have two polygons which are

essentially ~200mm x 15mm rectangles with a 45 degree chamfer on one

corner on each shape.  I drew these shape on the top copper layer with the

polygon tool.  When I generate gerber files they warn me that the shapes

on signals N$2 and N$3 (the two polygons) will generate large gerber

files, and in fact I get about a ~450kb gerber file.

>

For the life of me I can't see why this should be the case, each polygon

is simply defined by five x,y coordinates which are all nice integer

numbers in mm. The application I'm using to read this gerber data is

having issues with this size gerber file.

>

On a related subject - the two polygons are mirror images reflected across

the vertical axis.  I thought that I could just draw one polygon and then

mirror it.  Unfortunately, mirroring also flips it to the bottom layer of

the board.  Is there a way to mirror an object and have it stay on the

original layer?  It not this would be a nice feature to have.

>

-Michael

On 6/25/2010 1:27 PM, Michael Sansom wrote:

Guys,

>

I'm making a planar PCB antenna. So, I have two polygons which are

essentially ~200mm x 15mm rectangles with a 45 degree chamfer on one

corner on each shape. I drew these shape on the top copper layer with

the polygon tool. When I generate gerber files they warn me that the

shapes on signals N$2 and N$3 (the two polygons) will generate large

gerber files, and in fact I get about a ~450kb gerber file.

>

For the life of me I can't see why this should be the case, each polygon

is simply defined by five x,y coordinates which are all nice integer

numbers in mm. The application I'm using to read this gerber data is

having issues with this size gerber file.

>

On a related subject - the two polygons are mirror images reflected

across the vertical axis. I thought that I could just draw one polygon

and then mirror it. Unfortunately, mirroring also flips it to the bottom

layer of the board. Is there a way to mirror an object and have it stay

on the original layer? It not this would be a nice feature to have.

>

-Michael

Gerber polygons are made by painting in lines, so if your lines are thin

there will be millions of them. Set the width of the polygon border as

large as you can and still make your shape.

In v4, you can copy, then mirror the polygon like you did to the other

side and then just change layer to put it back where you want it.

 

In v4, you can copy, then mirror the polygon like you did to the other

side and then just change layer to put it back where you want it.

 

Thanks to both of you.  That was the problem.  I was thinking that

gerber was a vector format instead of a rasterized format.

Michael Sansom schrieb:

Thanks to both of you.  That was the problem.  I was thinking that

gerber was a vector format instead of a rasterized format.

Gerber is a vector format. But how would you fill a polygon with

ambiguous "holes" of any possible shape in it?

Tilmann

Tilmann Reh wrote:

Michael Sansom schrieb:

 

>> Thanks to both of you.  That was the problem.  I was thinking that

>> gerber was a vector format instead of a rasterized format.

 

Gerber is a vector format. But how would you fill a polygon with

ambiguous "holes" of any possible shape in it?

 

Tilmann

Well, you could just specify in the vector format that the interior of

the polygon has a "filled" attribute and have shapes interior to the

polygon (say circles for instance for via clearances) which have a

"void" attribute.  I don't really see any technical need to raster lines

of some thickness to fill a polygon.  If I am not mistaken other non-pcb

layout vector formats used in the graphics industry do the former rather

than the latter.

Of course, the gerber format has a long legacy that is intimately tied

to the equipment that manufactured the films used to expose photoresist.

  Specifically, I suspect the decision of those that specified the way

gerber uses raster lines to fill polygon copper shapes goes back to the

old aperture wheels originally used to expose the films.  It certainly

make sense if you think about it from that point of view.  Of course the

gerber format could have chosen to just mark polygons (or any shape for

that matter) as "filled" or "void".  This would have resulted in more

compact files, but it would have relied on the photo plotters to decide

how to use the available aperture wheel to fill or void the shapes.

Probably would have lead to slight differences in the output films of

various plotters and would have required more processing power in those

machines, which was probably the deciding factor back in the dark ages

when the industry was just moving away from hand layouts done with

acetate and tape when processors where small, slow, and had very limited

memory.

Not really criticizing the gerber format, just didn't realize how it

worked.  Now that I know it makes perfect sense why thin lines make

larger gerber data on filled polygons.

Thanks,

Michael

"Tilmann Reh" <usenet2007nospam@autometer.de> wrote in message

news:i0495d$m95$1@cheetah.cadsoft.de...

Michael Sansom schrieb:

>

>> Thanks to both of you.  That was the problem.  I was thinking that

>> gerber was a vector format instead of a rasterized format.

>

Gerber is a vector format. But how would you fill a polygon with

ambiguous "holes" of any possible shape in it?

>

Tilmann

Since I got into this subject while doing my own gerber export ulp, the

subject got my attention.

Gerber274x has support for polygon filling but with limitations. It can only

be used to fill areas with no holes. Unfortunately Eagle's contour can not

be mapped directly unless it has no 'negative' contours (see doc on

UL_POLYGON). In my opinion it should be possible to rework the contour

algorithm so that it cuts a slot of width 0 into the hole areas, and work

around them and back. This would make it possible to use 274x polygon

fill's, and probably speed up Eagle's rendering engine a lot as well.

I do see that it can get complex if there exist no direct line between the

contours, but it should also be possible to do a zigzag slot if needed.

(Simple example image attached)

begin 666 contourexplan.PNG

MB5!.1PT*&@H````-24A$4@```@````(," (````,V(/6````!&=!34$``+&/

M"_QA!0``*[M)1$%4>%[MG3N6W#;3AO4O\-N'%N$E> 7>@'/GBITZ=>C0F4)G

M_6-<$DRQF\T"<6%='ITY.C,M$*AZ"O6^O/2T_N_Q>'SB#P0@``$()"10#( _

M$( `!""0D,"GA#F3,@0@``$(?-S^@0($( `!".0D@ 'DK#M90P`"$. *@#T`

M`0A ("L!K@"R5IZ\(0"!] 0P@/1;```0@$!6`AA ULJ3-P0@D)X`!I!^"P``

M`A#(2@`#R%IY\H8`!-(3P #2;P$`0 `"60E@`%DK3]X0@$!Z`AA ^BT```A

M("L!#"!KY<D;`A!(3P`#2+\%```!"&0E@ %DK3QY0P`"Z0E@`.FW```@`(&L

M!#" K)4G;PA (#T!#"#]%@``!""0E0`&D7RY T!"*0G@ &DWP(`@ `$LA

M`)6GKPA`('T!#" ]%L``!" 0%8"&$#6RI,W!""0G@`&D'X```"$,A*``/(

M6GGRA@`$TA/ `-)O`0! ``)9"6 `62M/WA" 0'H"&$#Z+0``"$ @*P$,(&OE

MR1L"$$A/``-(OP4```$(9"6 `62M/'E#``+I"6 `Z;<``" `@:P$,("LE2=O

M"$ @/0$,(/T6```$()"5``:0M?+D#0$(I"> `:3?`@" ``2R$L `LE:>O"$`

M@?0$,(#T6P``$(! 5@(80-;DS<$()">``:0?@L```(0R$H``\A:>?&``32

M$\ `TF\!`$ ``ED)8 !9*T_>$(! >@(80/HM```(0" K`0P@:^7)&P(02$\`

M`TB_!0```0AD)8 !9T\>4,``ND)8 #IMP``( "!K 0P@R5)V\%@4^/3]NO

M7QZ_* [:#Y$9G@
>OW"$AP"@6L$,(!KW#@J!8&M1O_^^+W\>,$#MI/\]?CK

MY\?/PLZ.`6RC2E%7DOQ.``-@+T#@D,!.H_LENW^&&=6R&=6,3)ES1P`#8$M

MX*(!_/;X[7^{/_Q7U-_(%'\__O[I\9/H:3G3S]NS_2W=Y/JZ}7L6P;7(,KW

MY97R>GFE7'#(476)YUAK&'7%,N8YMNV)>SR]<?CC_KBU@/>'/M\[53+8FS

MD]P1P #<E8R R,P^]1U.^7QY?RXZ/7V5Y^;'<%Y);07'\N+GQV>YW5^D

MOWPCFKB=Y.7W<M37Q]<RN/Q=OB^OE._+6K)$4>JZQ[\1:QECPH1O(RMAI)

M'5P\X%G0WQ][9 !_/OYD7WHD@ %XK!HQ?Q#8GE!/<H+=$E7]MUHOD8ADRP5!

MT7TYN3Z2R]WKHN\RN8B^{'"ZSU<&RQ.[/=DS]I}I#V]@T5G24E_)8]J4[`AB

MNY(1\ ".M4&WOC*RW/Y(MRBR.5K=XEO1G(/9ER^B_?; =O$WRN_<L(3Z\Y

ME(>.@];TQT!#,!=R0CX@\"S[N]>&8IC0$<G667=<O]$#F1%RG7R*C<>)&[

M_W(W:7<%<)0.5P!#"IUV$@P@;>D=)WZJ_G5 9Y)O#.#EO7)Y`EQNQV]OY6L,

M8&MI\C"@_G/`.3^_LM;0MG`/4X=I]?%GTZ%@QO!)#-C>FZK?=]+F\/4$

M,(#US%FQBX!>_?MMX(T!E!SDW3EJ[Y%IVAW?=].T>=NX#(7[__GA<)7[

M[6.&^J)<',ALSW_$`W9CGF.K'B,S;%/;1O4R+XF\9%IL0-ZVA %T;6(S!V,`

M9DI!( H"%]2_WP84<3$$`BX)8 `NRY8SZ![UQP9R[AFR?D\``V"'^" P1/VW

MD_A(FR@A,),`!C"3+G,/(C!<_;D@&%09IO%-``/P7;\,T<]3?VP@P_XAQS<$

M, "VAW4""PS@_;M]K ,B/@A<)8 !7"7'<4L(+%-_K@:6U)-%;!' `&S5@VBV

M!-:K/S; #DQ%``-(56Y/R=ZH_MB IXU"K!T$,( .>!PZC8 %]><]H]/*R\16

M"& `5BI!')6 -?7G@H#-&94`!A"ULE[S,JO^V(#747<QP0P`':'(0VU1\;

M,+1="6;``;0C9 )!A%PI/[8P":,\W-!#" FPO \O9O_9\Z$T6$@%,"&(#3

MPD4^U1D[0(5AR24 ``TA09/,IVA=W?83F81,@!/XC@ &P&VXFH-=67R-O

MQLKR$% 0P `4D!@RC8 O3;\0[31R3 R!`00P@ $0F>(:@0MZZO20:WPX"@*S

M"6 `LPDS_VL"3J6\)VRV`@2L$< `K%4D13P],NK]V!0%)DDG!# `)X4%9W

M!1\2?Z!ZDHIC`AB X^)Y#'V(>H:9Q&,%B3D2`0P@4C4=Y!)&N\<FXJ!RA!B1

M``80L:I6<QHKFO%FLUHWX@I``,(6UIKB<73ZTD962L<\00F@ $$JZAU"9I

M9>!I#16/4.(2P #BUM9,9H%E>G9J9FI((#$)8 `QZVHGJ]D2F6%^.]4DDF $

M,(!@!;653@9U7I:CK=(230@"&$"(,II,8IDRIEK(9*D)RBL!#,!KY8S'G4J4

M;TG6^ 8@/!<$, `79?(7Y"V:F'!1?SN#B"T1P `L52-*+ F%^-Z4HVP<\EA- M``-833S\>O=*8>;5PV\M$AQ.``,8CC3UA)GUUTCNJ?-$;D)8 "YZS\H>X/:1TA;`H/JS#31 M"& `T2JZ/A^DU@N!]7N#%8T3P ",%\AZ>%ZTCS@K`>M;BO@6$L `%L(.MQ2J

MZI= N,U(0E<(8 !7J'&,$/ K?T0N!-C)R0FP`Y)O@.OIHZ%A"%S?!!SIG `&

MXR -X4?1OM(A&<#-_60B64Q`!-E\!4$HAF8@*^M22=!#" 3H#I#@^L?:3&

MKPYDZV<,(%O%N_)%(K,1Z-HN'&R>``9@OD1F`LRF?>3+XP$SS3<K$ Q@%ME@

M\Z*&$ BVI4FG$, `V ;G!- ^"' U<-XG#D=@``ZMCQDY \".P+]R +3B&

M`4S!&FE2M \"1P0B[?.#'V1E?$%A,@/:[EP`&<"]_$ZLO[GF6@\".@(DV2!D$!I"R[)ND$2,(

M&"&0O17OR!\#N(.ZF36-=#YA0(#WC-ZB"AC =A-(KH0, L`1,=DB (#"!!

MD5^E:+;S"0P"7 TL4R4,8!EJ0PLA,1#P1<!0
0*!0.(54]%-KXZGV@AP 6!

MHJTO#L$`HS>QB"`@'7!/RVGL'(,0"#19D8DNO.)W@(<#4P5ATP@+$\3<^&

M?$ @& '3_>8A. S 0Y5&Q!BL\TD'`EP-] L#!M#/T,$,B 4$PA-PT(?V0L0`

M[-5D=$3A.Y\$(;"]&I#O1[=1S/G %+.N-2ND`0)I"03O[1'I80`C*%J=(VWG

MDS@$N C0R!(&H'D<@P2`('D!%SV[=J@,8"UO!>NEKSY21\""[O-ZU(8@-?

MO8^;YH<`!&+V]M"L,("A.&U,1N=#``(\`]"H$0:@H>1I#)T/`0CP3E"E9F$`

M2E ^AM'Y$(# ]G<"?/3M?5%B`/>Q'[TRG0\!"&P)C.ZP@/-A`$&*2N=#``([

M`D%Z>V8:&,!,NJOFIO,A``'4_X>8 `7H-DZA,Z'``2>"=CJ4JO18 !6*Z.

MB\Z'``1>$M U4/91&(#O'4#S0P`"&,!E%<,`+J.[_T Z'P(0.")P?W]ZB `#

M\%"E5S'2^1" P!L"7AM[;=P8P%K>@U:C\R$`@?<$!K5:\&DP`'\%IO,A`(%3

M`OX:^XZ(,8 [J'>L>;KO&0`!"'1T6*Y#,0!/]::Q(0`!#0%/77UKK!C K?A;

M%M?L>\9 ``%0$MCI1X+1_EIZLA``$]`1]=;2!*#,! $10AZ<^(R$``45

M,>2#``;@8!_0SQ" 0!,!!UUM(T0,P$8=CJ-HVO<,A@`$> :@%S4,0,_JAI$T

M,P0@<(' #;WJ<TD,P&[=NQ[#H$`!.RVMW(, ![-?DW(MH8`A"X1L!H2YL,

M"P.P6)9K^YZC( `!'@`T1H&T(1KQ6!Z& (0Z"&PHDNCK($!VIDS[[G6 A

M@"N )D7#`)IP31],`T,``IT$IG=IH 4P`$/%[-SW' X!"' %T*1H&$ 3KHF#

M:5T(0& (@8E=&FYJ#,!$28?L>R:!``1,].?(#" ^VM%TT(``J,(W-_/KB

M`&XNUZA]SSP0@ `/`%KE# -H)39R/!T+`0B,)3"R/Q/,A0'<5N2Q^Y[9( `!

MK@!:Y0P#:"4V9CR].IM K=/LA9C?%($Q_9EF%@S@AE)_,M4Q48(Y*F24_-@U

M*@(W]+/G)3$`S]4C=AT!/" /`=V.8-0W`A@`6R$^@3SRESS3%MY=(88P&BB

M;^=37<0F;V))?_3_5@W4# 26-G.(Q3" =67,T('].4ZJ1W]@S&"?P*3-$WA:

M#&!1<>TWCY$(Y]7#2(*$,8_ O,T3=68,8$5EY^WXDYG_O9?BZ&MV,1RA(-0+

M!&;OGWCS8P#3:WIA'P\XY/N==+F?[N5K=C&\<"#.:P1F[Y]X\V,`<VMZ;1]W

M';63_H@&\*DXVM4_76S]6&G.-*]NBKS'76^{DO,S4F:]NPBK]HE-5}IUXP!NN

M)9DW?]0%^{1BXNBAXQD("33N!P?}V`W^{F$5BG-3OIWQG U@P6=F-K}D=U>*_^

M]5_U96P-C/$N".@W`",K`0Q@UF98US-')_A.3OPKJ.=***5_.TQ3SG6E,6RW

M\2!H2L^8'0$,8,J6,-%=K@Q@B/J$V@J:J) V,-0`IJZ,P8#FX'3(B+*_7_

M"/;'/Q?._9NN`TS4:C\D='TQHZX@.IT6+BLWRTH<8P%F%K50&QA$X*S@

M_/L+`AC R&UA2%,\&T#GZ3\W@@SMPT'BKLEH9">GF0L#&%9JS1Y=-\:5`8R]

M_X,!K-MF"_7]-*EAG9QI(@Q@3+5/=^?J`6X-8,CI/QZP>K\9<((QG9QL%@Q@

M0,$M-IM/`QBH_DH/L%@[`VJ#LN -DXY!0;06W:CK>'`+8%6&\`976C%<0&

M6@CTMG'6XS& WLH;E0\,@-\):!%0H]M8G4)O&V<]'@/HJKS=ML$`U ; 18#=

M;8P!=.G3^<$8P#FCHQ&FV\:)`<QX_T_3;X35`$Q74ZV#:;.XWL:YC\0`+M;?

M=*<Y4?^/,'_\<\LS``G!=$$Q@#,"%]LX_6$8P)4M8%TL,(#O3M)47>ME/1/!

MS/$W%9K!FPM?8#02<-!F& `&D,DM&CN8X?\1X J@;3<X4'\GG_[_?/_GXS[,

MZ#]MU>5&D$_;:TRX[D"N+('?@_!K!QD=8RNRFQ3Z6>A+>URHS'`)KWP*2]

M.V5:)[> GFLP^@@R@7NE(J@US,)-#<S!WPG<*5#<MSI L>#.#E+L(`/&VS

MF9K>Q"&G(@W)&@-086S:CO</=FL`8Q\#J$J[&71_X<Q(JB\4K85F/+> &O:

MKV;XB-:S`8SR@(8"\^S7N?$TU9K!6P)<`9SL!W_J[\$`WD,?<B-(W^<N2Q<

MLL<RU]>:D3L"&,"[+3%VFRZ:S</I_\OW@/YP8M)G`LH^7U01Q'HF`66M&?;Z

MJ1M<C@AX50<G!O#>`_KT__RTQFMQ9RJI4R8H6 ^!\U;IF=WOL4Z;P<L#@(KW

MS0ZY[ $G]Y?0T%@$_(J,A<@Q@!=5<*S^'AX`[/".]0#4W_?N;3<G"S+J-P8,

M8%\[]_WCYQ;0%G6_#2#][K=NN_J?/DSR*\UK(L<`,("/=XU:^KL`4B_A?=

M%<,:H8RZ"@;P0V7OVL0CU_5Y!2 $AK?92+ V;),]+<0AV^G>!..;SF_C(T

MEF<#&.@!0:J)ZYP1\"LX%B'`Y5(8Y>.#> _DN!.4\TSXRM:"AKF/ `#[

M%ZJ10AC M4N!4'5$_14$7(NOA> Q`-3?Q!/@E]K=U"&H?T("33N$P<\$LAM

MM)Z)<OI?ZZ)IVFA%5)SYDG_K4-U@H_)K4!!.RB< ;POL\#5A#U;R$07J!G

M)YC7`&)J1U #>/E((&8%6<sup>0/`K/U,?S\20T@;.?$-8"M!X0M'</sup>K?2""\0,].

M$ .P^{PCTBLR%-H K0!H%A25\$9BMC}'GSV@`OK9X6[08`(J?AD!X=5Z08#H#

M:--3=[VTU@!D@_[Z^'7[J'8>85ENWOS,[(O `GT,OT0N`_"UOZ]$>X<!?'U\

MG6<`/S]^_NOQU[SYKT!?-I&=6T&CNHG$%Z=%R28R #Z-YSU&=:J__:IK%P$

MS#A#GS%G?QUM1M6?EZ\9%NAC^"6R&("OG7TQVIL,X)_'/W(1L)/%/Q]_RBN_

M/W[?9E3.Z,LA7QY?MN-_>OQ47I=7RFR_/'[9&HS<^9%_6??Y>]Z65!>EP/

MZ^{7[HT6W`91X2@`R25E7_JF}N(VVKEC&EZ^MSVV#?W/L\[6+'%B6_OOQ]\5"

MN[LS.2?@\.J\(,$4!I"ES6XR`)'R(HY;3?SC\4?Y\;?';_)Z&2-5J*_-ZL

MY:NHH8A^4>3R8E';(DLKQ>'*&,^/SZ7[\O?XAG;R7>+[M1?`I.%Q$@DA?)B

M^=I&*Q'6P2C>G_L41:2%\]!!;H8_@EXAM SPYS=NQ-!E"6E8N K:#*7:5

MO_J<8/=Z'5-&EE/X<BI=G& +\,_1GD92

MW>C:L<XVF#''"J_."Q(,;@"Y&NP^`ZCW<[8RNMN;\[HRS^)II<;.')BOIOG

M^5BY)U-._6;[8#MNL\;8#MY_5?-BC/&Y-J?H_UC@3Z&7P(#"'09?I\!U+/O

M*MPO3[2?3])/A?Y(=L5RY.Y_O;]TM"A7`/&<)KPTKTDPL@'$V_0G&=UJ`+N'

MNO5>OYS1UUM 1
`1O8D?VH,'[E<sup>_R,/`</sup>KMH'K+OBZZY5;N,I7CZAAY

M$GOM/KY,>W2LW%8J&>W(O+P$2;=7NZ\&UNAC^%7"&D#&CKK5`'9G]U6.Y3R]

MOMFFO%Y^{.*X>VA<?I2;.20U0!DF,CT3CK%2}1)0/VJSY9WBSY[P"XP>2>/

M!'!Z:V@;51G
EC)J&0J;UMZ:6D9=VFW]!_=[@LOUC,2C&D`2?MJN0%T<N9<

MN!-@YL-GJ&'".0,:0-ZN\& `Y:2XW'XID<JMH?4-V^]!ITYP284*QGI!S-

M`'(VPT?6'M2_Q%C>_U[?,/KFDW>.N(.@(SU##AG$,(5J.#& U#7221N(

M- 02BO6,E.,8@&;31!Z#`2"OF0C,4,.$<P8Q@,C*KNQJ#$ )BF'^"214ZDDI

M1S `U-_1,P"*!8%^`I/4,.&T&$"4WP3F"L#_B6V_,B:9(:%23TK9O0$DV?'G

M:6(`&$ :`I/4,.&TO@W@7!;3M(27MX%2,@CT$TBHU)-2=FP`_=LHU Q<`>0Q

M^_293E+#A--Z-8!0VCVDGS& (1B9Q .!A$H]*667!H#Z[PF@_AYDBWT[BL D

M-4PXK3\#&+6'0LV#`6 `:0@DE.EY3LS@%"J/;!C,8"!,)G-H%Y:IAP9D\&

M@/H?$L `;&L66W<@@80R/2]E#"#$X)A`!A &@SU##AS&X,8. 91,"I,( T

M\A=P]S;6+J%,STO9AP&PZ4\(8 "-(L*.\DM@GAHFG-F!`?C=J>LBQP`P@#0$

M$LKTO)2M&\ Z#77=/QB Z_(1? N!>6J8<&;3!H#Z:PE@`"THJ7G/8()-3H

MJ2G;-0"Z5$L`];>G4]K:$7DC@:EJF'!RHP9 _S00P `:1:2!+3,;(Y!0HZ>F

M;-$`Z,\V`AB ,9%J*Q_!MQ"8JH8))S=G`#1/,P$,H$5!FO$RN24""35Z:LH8

M@/_?!,8`+"D4!C.5P%0U3#@Y!H !^"> `:0AD%"CIZ:,`?B7/ZX`TLC?U)-K

M^{Y-/E<*<DYLS@%(&}QO15H08``:0@T!.C9Z:M44#P /:# 8#R"%_;;LB(I.I

M4IAS<@R 6T#^"404.3^{F4!.C9Z:M5$#X") V_}<_J/^:0A,E<*<D]LU`#Q

MY0$80!KY4^V'T#1R:O34K#$`YS= ,(#0DH?H;PE,E<*<DYLV`"X"SOL?`\ `

MTA#(J=%3L\8`N )P3B"-_)V?#81&,54'TTYNW0"X"$C>]J0/`2&05J.G)NX#

MST``0@D)S!5!]-.C@%P`P0"$'! (U&3TW<AP%P(RCYV1_I0V"J#J:=' -P

M<.Y#\T,``FDU>FKB;@S 47 KW]\^M\W]SFES\__?W3MY;^]H1KJ _]\>NW

MM7[ZNTTXCH)I?7W[=I22N!Q>OKG];2J7:5\[\-I10JGGV-LY3PA@J@ZFG=R3

M`3CV`!'!OW[^{:.H_?_GX_O/7!@,H!_[\5X-ZBM-<:$*-T&}#.16IWW[_B.3W

MWSZ^RC?EQ>H6K.[D%<]Y#3@H\FW!^H#OKP<!O!4B+0:/35Q#&#HJ;=&/G9C

M-!JA&;.=MG7\J:1N)SSZ_N4DY1D6E'YYN45R?!HWZ0S9TADS0Q/QT<?<!4

M$<P\N3,#\'H14,[WY:Q?@>B'4Y1Y;S]WJRO!W]W.?Z\1+#U
?\WWY\O%]

MN5-4[S;(%<E.VLIE1WF]#NO[X1'^6.4_FJ$[X\XWZIF\_9/6?TDEA=M.12

MOG8!E#ML)7B9O10KKIV]U4DJ7I7JMR4DQ$OKU&V9([4584MRM?96FYQ;=-

M6;XO&^"951E?7I2BE*]=J/+C:82A/2"S1D_-W9\!N/2 JJ&B#EL;V/:\2$"]

M85)^?D%M=6;QM>[,>5P$<>B>7[[<V9;3!RVZK\:[V)_QR,C"\#BMZ)U+ZQ

MMY<&L%/)HXR>;,$5LQ,YBQ'[0(H6BRBZ\7>=T&+R]6]:^92IDJ]B.??IF(

M^{&M=4:YUG@6]AT2<-9$R$&,%4I@TZ.`7QKTKUR#6}G(OKU#+$LMCW[KB=]

M541$.TZ?$S2-%]W9"I/(HD3U?,:Z?9#P+&1'9M!I`$<9:;1XI\L%>/&\RGP;

M<$EM>S-JE^FSC;V4\EVF,DF9=GL9I.&FX:R)</B.M31A4/F]/RV7!N#R(D#:

MJ:B2:-SNG/2]GFK.G8^T9MO&LG0]SRW?OWDBK1&OTT5/![S1UIZL)4=YM]5S

M#/)*O0Y[-O]G[3M-I+[S2HHK-M##\"CL(RR6]'KXZ=3]2ADT`@Q@U16 YARV

MZ8R^{3-@Z7NX"506IW}^>-\@0S9GIJ2RV/@0>=07P7GG%'NI%@.9-4Z>9"K1B

MJ'*[1@Q>8P`:SIH(,8"@&CTU:\&X.PB0'1-[DKO'C]N-:IGGZ9JG5\/1V6

M-Y76YXHO?RFAWG=^\W#R5!9W$;Y\QHAH+'/[3RBF"4O><)1OG;76.%29,G$
/U8]8-3T#>!,A!C!5*8-.[M@`/'E Z=NJMD6;MK\2

MM;NBE_? E^M5N[.6>M_G\F[L$HHPB?".]6;43N;C_+NE.V[@J!'3WD

M?):AFOC1XMLGN94:L!U/<(U8N>YYML1:-=O*VJ/J@N[Z!9Y?(%NG<I1Y

M:J8%SM&[@)[#$,Z[=UL]U^{(T0@P@J$9/30L#N.,64.A>K3>6}*:9P!OG3KQG

MIBI@\LE]&X"GBX#$#=RL@ZE8E:N0<BE64I;;._>7XV!))K]-3T,0":#0*W

M$BA/AN014?DZN@&5VP^F*F#RR=T;`!<!G"U"(#:!Y!H]-?T(!H 'Q.Y_LDM.

M8*H")I\<`[CU\C_WI7UR72-])8'D&CTU_2 &$/\BX.C](;QO!!.-3F"J`B:?

M' -P<@6P%?JF3^1?I@[Z3\E?%A(+A2"07*.GIA_'`.)?!-1FMGG6;S.J$ JH

MO%42<MA4^{6/R4 9@UP.D->774W?_*<KSQ]}__V3Y;9?7WQ<M9]_R)LJ=_!

MS_)Y9YJ/DJ]A;-⁾/C^{66-W>?:[Z(J0]X<}_S;L/5-DW_AR7Z'IT`&CV5

M``:PY!:0"%SY;7[Y](7ZH0@O/\Q'^{<GR.QG=_G\OVX}CT7R4?/VO`N1WD<1(

MWG_0T//GVF^{O`#0?4K0=+]_7_[8ENJB%/%6?E-14}6/R: 9@]")@)W;UXW=>

M?OCEM4^6WW[&G(B?"*QYJ/D7W[8I.:C1I]%72[YUC4'P\&O J:PIH`!8]

MX$@H7[Y^^{9/EY5/DRNF_?+.]1'B}1;-5F6T8+Y\T-,5?;TP=W>IY_SKR!P$,

M``/H(3#I:O3ZM$U7`+?\UU'R4/%<`:*Y5`CTZP&G!&)>

M`9B["*C/`';_&<#+>^67/UFGGJ7Y>13CLN7YL/N=
`Y$GLM?OXLNC1L7)K

MJ#QI>/\?H%L5H^{MG`&1TE<"IA#&@AP`&L/ AL*C_]KTZI2N>/_[}])/EMY]'

MO[M[(W*_^^{1]S4?)U\_-?WX7T.X_)SBZ':3Y6'}YNU5L0-ZV5+Z>;P==50K4

M.22!'G7CV%,"80W UD7 RYOL!T$(/"6PE^,:"30&0#,.0!& !*!X%V`IWJ

MQN&G!#" A;> VAL@Y$4]24% 2>!4OQC022"X`1BZ"$#](0"!1@*=ZL;AIP0P

M@"57`(W[7GE^Q# (Q"9PJE\,Z"00WP"X"(BM$607F$"GNG'X*8$4!H '!-8(

M4@M,X%2_&-!)``/@%A $(&"40*>Z<?@I@2P&P$5 X/-$4@M)X%2\&-!/``,P

M>NX3LJ5)"@)Z`OWJQ@RG!!(9`!<!^MYC) 1N)W J7@SH)Y#+`/" V[N:`""@

M)-"O;LQP2@`#X!80!"!@D<"I>#&@GT Z`^ B0'G^Q3 (W$N@7]V8X91 1@/

M`^YM;%:'@(; J7@QH)\`!F#QXE?3'HR!0&P"_>K&#*<$DAH`%P&QM8/LO!,X

M52X&#"& `7 %``$(F",P1-V8Y)1 7@/@(L#[22+Q!R9PJEP,&$(@M0'@`8$5

MA-1<$QBB;DQR2@`#,'?QZ[IO"1X"0PB<*A<#AA#(;@!<! QI5R:!P%@"0]2-

M24X)8 "/L1N7V2 `@7X"I\K%@"$$,( /C/W[E1D@`(%1!(9(&Y-H"& `WRB-

MVKO,`P$(=!0*!=CAA# `# `'H-#P!:!(=&)!H"&,!_E#I/6S@<`A 80D"C

M7(P90@`#P !LG?T-41 F<4U@B+0QB88`!O #)==M0_ 0B$% HUR,&4(``]AC

MC-%"9 $!OP2&2!N3: A@`!@`MX @8(N 1KD8,X0`!O "H]]3)R*'@'<"0W2-

M290$,(#7H+QW$?%#P"D!I7(Q; @!# `#L'7Y[U2V"'L4@2&ZQB1*`AC (:A1

M&YIY( `!/0&E<C%L" $,``/@"@`"A@@,T34F41+ `-Z!TI^V,!("$!A"0*E<

M#!M"``,XP3AD3S,)!""@)#!$UYA$20`#P `,7?XK-8)A@0DHE8MA0PA@`.<8

M`S<;J4' %('S;F3$4 (8P#E.4QU",! (3."\&QDQE `&H,(9N.5(#0)V"*BZ

MD4'C"& `6I9VFH1((!"5@8;&3>(``:@!1FUY<@`G8(:+N1<8,(8 `-(.WT

M"9% ("2!AFYDZ @"&$ ;Q9!=1U(0,$@K1L9W4T``VA#:1/" ,"(0FT=2.C

MNPE@`,T(0S8>24'@=@+-K<@!W00P@&:$M_<)`4 @)('F5N2 ;@(8P!6$(=N/

MI"!PX$KK<@Q?00P@(O\[FT55H= / (76Y'#.@A@`!?AQ6L_,H O00NMB*'

M=1# `[#N[=;6!T"P0A<;T6.O$H``[A[O$(UGZD`X%["5QO18Z\2@`#N$KN

MW^/N;1A6AT D`EVMR,&7"& `E[!M#HK4@>0"@;L(]/8AQU\B@ %<PH8!//A_

MQ" PDD!O'W+\)0(8P"5L/QYTUTD3ZT(@#($!?<@4[00P@'9F3T>$:4(2@<!=

M! ;T(5.T$\ `VIF].NNMF%=",0@,8/F:61``;0".QX>(P^) L(W$)@6!\R

M40L!#*"%UMNQM[0-BT(@!H%A?<A$+00P@!9:9V-CM")90& ]@;/>XM^G$, `

M!F-=WSFL" 'O! 8W(=.I"6 `:E2Z@=Y;D?@AL)Z KK<8-9X`!C"#Z<A?D%G?

MC:P(@<4$QC<A,^H(8 `Z3BVC%C</RT' .X&6]F+L2 (8P$B:=2[O#4G\$%A)

M8$H3,JF"``:@@'1IR,K^82T(N"9PJ<,X: `!#& `Q)=3N&Y(@H? 2@*SFI!Y

MSPA@`&>$.OY]90NQ%@3\$NAH,@[M(H !=.%[?[#?AB1R""PC,+$#F?J,``9P

M1JCOWY=U$0M!P"F!O@[CZ"X"&$ 7/LW!3MN2L"&PAH"FB1@SB0`&, GL?].N

MZ2)6@8!3`M,[D 6."6 `*W:'T\XD; @L("B`UGC@ `&L&)K.@BEH" 4P(K

M.I U,(![]X#3YB1L",PFS$S!-P16-U^K/<C`0S@AAWAKDL)& *3"-S0?BRY(8 !W =

M)O42TT+ '8$;VH\E,8#;]X"[1B5@",P@<'LG)@^ *X#;-L",=F)."#@B<%OO

ML?!W`AC ;7O!4:,2@2&$[BM\5B86T!&]L#PIF)""'@A80'DX?!%<"=&\!+

MKQ(G!*X1N+.[6%M!``-00)HYY%I?<10$C!"8V1S,/9T`!C =\>D"1CJ9,"#P

MDL#I!F: 7P(8P/VU0W<@<"^!WN "&XB@ '<!/['9>_M?U8/3\#$+B<(>P0P

M`!,U"2] )#B;@(E]3!#>"& `5BHV6R"8WSL!*SN5. (1P `,%=.[0A%_)P%#

M>Y%0<A# ``S5N5,^.-P`4.[C5 @\'A@`9V@7T)(\W!&SM)Z*!P%L"&("Y

M#8"&B=@;L<0$ 2N$L `KI*;=IQQ^<L0WK3:,C$$;!' `&S50Z)(+*WYVBQ

M\,0$@;4$,("UO'6KW2Z.,00P684!/(2P ",UCZ&!,_.PFCQ" L"3@A@`'8

M-5L]7<QOMSQ$!@'_!# `NS5T(=#]0=HM`)%!(#H!#,!TA?OEU<(,IA$3' 02

M$\ `3!??@GQK8C -D> @`($#`AB ]:VAT=\%8ZQC(CX(0*"=``;0SFSY$0OT

MO2RQ/"T6A `$;B9 V]]<`,WRHPQ LQ9C( "!/ 0P`!^U5GJ CV2($@(0L$$`

M`[!1!T44X@&@0R!``0@H" H*@P,0@"$(! / (80+R:DA$$( `!%0$,0(6)

M01" ``3B$< `XM64C" ``0BH"& `*DP,@@`$(!"/``80KZ9D! $(0$!%``-0

M86(0!" `@7@$,(!X-24C"$ ``BH"&( $X,@``$(Q". `<2K1E!``(04!'

M`%28& 0!"$ @'@$,(%Y-R0@"$(" B@`&H,$( A ``Q"& `\6I*1A" ``14

M!# `%28&00`"$(A'``.(5U,R@@`$(* B@ &H,#$(`A" 0#P"&$"\FI(1!" `

M`14!#$"%B4$0@ `$XA' `.+5E(P@``$(J A@`"I,#((`!" 0CP`&$*^F9 0!

M"$! 10`#4&%B$ 0@`(%X!#" >#4E(PA ``(J`AB "A.#( `!",0C@ '$JRD9

M00`"$% 1P !4F!@$`0A (!X!#"!>3<D(`A" @(H`!J#"Q" (0 `"\0A@`/%J

M2D80@ `$5 0P`!4F!D$``A"(1P`#B%=3,H(`!""@(H !J# Q" (0@$ \`AA

MO)J2$00@``$5`0Q A8E!$( `!.(1P #BU92,( `!"*@(8 `J3 R"``0@$(\`

M!A"OIF0$`0A 0$4``U!A8A $( "!> 0P@'@U)2,(0 `"*@(8@ H3@R ``0C$

M(X !QLI&4$``A!0$< `5)@8! $(0" >`0P@7DW)" (0@("``:@PL0@"$ `

M`O$(8 #Q:DI&$( `!%0$, `5)@9!``(0B$<``XA74S"``0@H" `:@P,0@"

M$(! / (80+R:DA$$( `!%0$,0(6)01" ``3B$< `XM64C" ``0BH"& `*DP,

M@@`$(!"/``80KZ9D! $(0$!%``-086(0!" `@7@$,(!X-24C"$ ``BH"&( *

M$X,@``$(Q". `<2K*1E!``(04!' `%28& 0!"$ @'@$,(%Y-R0@"$(" B@`&

MH,$( A ``Q"& `\6I1A" ``14!# `%28&00`"$(A'``.(5U,R@@`$( B

M@ &H,#$(`A" 0#P"&$"\FI(1!" ``14!#$"%B4$0@ `$XA' `.+5E(P@``$(

MJ A@`"I,#((`!" 0CP`&$*^F9 0!"$! 10`#4&%B$ 0@`(%X!#" >#4E(PA

M``(J`AB "A.#( `!",0C@ '$JRD900`"$% 1P !4F!@$`0A (!X!#"!>3<D(

M`A" @(H`!J#"Q" (0 `"\0A@`/%J2D80@ `$5 0P`!4F!D$``A"(1P`#B%=3

M,H(`!""@(H !J# Q" (0@$ \`AA O)J2$00@``$5`0Q A8E!$( `!.(1P #B

MU92,( `!"*@(8 `J3 R"``0@$(\`!A"OIF0$`0A 0$4``U!A8A $( "!> 0P

M@'@U)2,(0 `"@(8@ H3@R ``0C$(X !QLI&4$``A!0$< `5)@8! $(0" >

M`0P@7DW)" (0@("*``:@PL0@"$ ``O$(8 #Q:DI&$( `!%0$, `5)@9!``(0

MB$<``XA74S"``0@H" `:@P,0@"$(! / (80+R:DA$$( `!%0$,0(6)01"

M``3B$< `XM64C" ``0BH"& `*DP,@@`$(!"/``80KZ9D! $(0$!%``-086(0

M!" `@7@$,(!X-24C"$ ``BH"&( $X,@``$(Q". `<2K1E!``(04!'X?P+U

2Q@B]3NN&`````$E%3D2N0F""

`

end