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Forum 奥氏体不锈钢焊缝超声波探伤
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奥氏体不锈钢焊缝超声波探伤

apple_lol
apple_lol over 14 years ago


一.材料组织特点

奥氏体不锈钢焊缝凝固时未发生相变,室温下仍以铸态柱状奥氏体晶粒存在,这种柱状晶的晶粒粗大,组织不均,具有明显的各向异性,给超声波探伤带来许多困难,奥氏体不锈钢对接焊缝晶粒取向大致垂直与坡口柱状晶的特点是同一晶粒从不同方向测定有不同的尺寸,对于这种晶粒从不同方向探测引起的衰减与信噪比不同,当波束与柱状晶垂直时其衰减较大,信噪比较低。

手工多道焊成的奥氏体不锈钢焊缝,由于焊接工艺、规范存在差异,致使焊缝中不同部位的组织不同,声速及声阻抗也随之发生变化,从而使声速传播方向产生偏离,给缺陷定位带来困难。

二.探测条件的选择

1.波形:

超声波探伤中的信噪比及衰减与波长有关,当材质晶粒较粗,波长较短时信噪比低,衰减大。因此在奥氏体不锈钢焊缝中,一般选用纵波探伤,横波在奥氏体焊缝中不传播。

2.探头角度(K值):

奥氏体焊缝中危险性缺陷方向大多与探测面成一定角度,为了有效地检出焊缝中这种危险性缺陷,一般采用纵波斜探头探伤。由于奥氏体不锈钢焊缝为柱状晶,不同方向探测信噪比和衰减不同,因此纵波斜探头的折射角度选择要合理。实践证明,对于对接焊缝采用纵波折射角bL=45°既K1纵波斜探头探测信噪比高衰减较小。当焊缝较薄时也可采用bL=60°的探头探测,但灵敏度降低较为明显。

3.频率;

探伤奥氏体不锈纲焊缝时频率对衰减的影响很大,频率愈高,衰减愈大,穿透力愈低,奥氏体不锈钢焊缝晶粒粗大,宜选用较低的探伤频率,通常为0、5----2、5MHZ,实践证明2MHZ较好。

4.校准试块、对比试块的选择

由“一”材料组织特点可知,奥氏体不锈钢材料本身及焊缝与普通钢材有很大差别,目前很多标准要求用CSK---IA试块做距离校准,用CSK—IIA试块做距离波幅曲线,通过下述试验可以看出误差很大,由于不同型号的奥氏体材料纵波声速差异很大,最好检测那一种型号的就用该种材料制作图二试块,并用同样的焊接方法形成焊缝。

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