The past two weeks this blog has focused on how data and power add up in mobile data networks. This is true for large sensor networks as well.
Sensor networks used in oil and gas exploration require geophone sensors to be distributed in densities of 1000-2000 nodes/sqkm over areas of at least 40 sqkm. Connecting these 40,000 to 80,000 sensors by wires is difficult. Some systems require as many as 300,000 nodes. Future systems are expected to use one million nodes. Oil companies are hoping wireless technology will be able to connect the sensors. 
The geophones are typically sampled at 2 samples per millisecond, with each sample containing 24 bits. A system with 100,000 nodes would generate a total of 4.8Gb/s. Even with compression this will require well over 500MHz of spectrum, making it ultra-wide band (UWB). There are no inexpensive UWB transceivers available because Wi-Fi data rates have increased and provide for the consumer market with sufficient throughput.
Another issue in a system with so many nodes is channel access. Wi-Fi, for example, uses a distributed coordination function (DFC) to prevent collisions. In this scheme, nodes do a clear channel assessment (CCA) by listening prior to transmitting. If the packet is not ACKed, it retries it a configurable number of times using a random backoff algorithm. The system works well, even in the presence of non-Wi-Fi interferers. It starts to fall apart, however, if there are too many nodes in one area. A system to collect data from thousands of sensors will need to have some centrally coordinated scheme to prevent collisions.
I asked Dr. Savazzi, one of the authors of a paper on this topic in the most recent issue of IEEE Communications Magazine, why they cannot simply buffer the data and why they can’t use direct communication with no multihop. Then they could use low-throughput systems. They could in theory, but some systems require listening to the echos from multiple excitation events that happen quickly one after another. The reason for using multihop is the network is spread over many miles, which is only practical in the VHF band. Communicating over those distances in the GHz would require antennas on tall towers and higher output power (to overcome free-space path loss, which increases as the square of frequency).
My guess is the oil and gas exploration industry will find ways to use 80MHz single-stream Wi-Fi defined in 802.11(ac) for this application because the chipsets will inexpensive enough to deploy in a large-scale sensor network.
For the first time I believe in the danger of RF spectrum scarcity. There is plenty of unused spectrum, but the amount of data people find reasons to transmit wirelessly is increasing rapidly.
Further Reading
Ultra-Wid Band Sensor Networks in Oil and Gas Explorations, IEEE Communications Magazine, April 2013
For those without access to IEEE journals, a similar article by the same authors from 2009 can be found here: Synchronous Ultra-Wide Band Wireless Sensors Networks for oil and gas exploration
