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Equipping, enabling, inspiring: About Panasonic Industry Europe A common purpose: as part of Panasonic Corporation’s global business, people at Panasonic Industry strive for continuous innovation and share the company’s mission and vision - shaping the future for the better. To take engineering to the next level, Panasonic Industry researches, produces and supplies technologies for a vast range of industries.
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  • Cameras Used in ADAS and Autonomous Driving Systems

    Cameras Used in ADAS and Autonomous Driving Systems

    riyo@panasonic

    1. What Types of Cameras Are Used in ADAS and AD Systems?

    Automotive cameras are essential sensing devices that help vehicles interpret their surroundings. In both Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Autonomous Driving (AD), cameras work alongside radar, LiDAR, and ultrasonic sensors to build a multi‑directional understanding of the environment.
    Modern vehicles typically integrate three primary camera categories:

    • Sensing Cameras (Forward‑Facing)

    Mounted near the top of the windshield, these cameras monitor a wide forward area to support key safety functions such as lane keeping, lane changing, traffic sign detection, and automatic emergency braking.

    • Surround View Cameras

    Installed at the front, rear, and both sides of the vehicle body, these cameras capture near‑range images to create a 360° view. They support parking assist and low‑speed maneuvering.

    • Driver Monitoring Cameras

    Positioned near the instrument cluster, these cameras track the driver’s condition, including eye closure, gaze direction, and signs of drowsiness or inattention.
    Each camera type serves different operational goals, yet all contribute to safer, more automated driving experiences.
    Mounting location and function of each camera

    2. Uses and Functions of Each Camera Type

    Different ADAS/AD features depend on specific camera modules. Below is an overview of their major applications:

    Sensing Cameras

    Used for decision‑making and control actions:
    • Lane Keep Assist (LKA)
    • Lane Change Assist (LCA)
    • Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB)
    • Forward collision avoidance
    • Traffic sign recognition
    These cameras play a central role in higher‑level AD systems where precise object detection and classification are essential.

    Surround View Cameras

    Primarily used for:
    • Parking assistance
    • Close‑range obstacle detection
    • Surround visualization in the cockpit display
    These cameras help drivers—and autonomous systems—understand vehicle positioning in tight spaces.

    Driver Monitoring Cameras (DMS)

    Used for:
    • Assessing the driver’s alertness
    • Detecting fatigue or inattention
    • Monitoring head pose and gaze direction
    As global regulations evolve, DMS is becoming mandatory in many markets.
    Examples of the function and use of each camera

    3. Internal Configuration of Automotive Cameras

    Although sensing, surround view, and driver monitoring cameras differ in purpose, their internal architectures share common building blocks.

    Sensing Cameras & Driver Monitoring Cameras

    These modules typically include:
    • Image Sensor – Converts incoming light into electrical signals.
    • SoC (System-on-Chip) – Performs image analysis, object recognition, and high-speed processing.
    • MCU – Issues control commands to external ECUs.
    • Transceiver – Handles data communication with ADAS/AD ECUs.
    • DDR Memory – Provides high‑speed data buffering.
    • Flash Memory – Stores firmware and calibration data.

    Surround View Cameras

    This type uses multiple image sensors, each positioned around the vehicle.
    Captured images are transferred to a Surround View ECU, where an FPGA or high‑performance SoC synthesizes them into a single omnidirectional view.
    Because of the volume of image data involved, communication bandwidth and processing speed are especially critical.

    Internal configuration of each camera

    4. Market Trends and Camera Module Requirements

    With increasing vehicle production and the rapid evolution of autonomous driving, camera units are expected to grow in both quantity and capability.
    Future camera modules are increasingly driven by three major performance demands:

    4.1 Higher Power Capability

    • Rising image sensor resolutions
    • Higher dynamic range performance
    • More advanced SoCs requiring substantial computational power
    These factors raise internal losses and thermal loads, demanding high‑current, low‑loss components.

    4.2 Higher‑Speed Data Transmission

    As image data volumes grow, communication interfaces require:
    • High‑frequency performance
    • Low‑parasitic components
    • High‑speed EMI/ESD protection
    Automotive Ethernet and other high‑rate protocols rely heavily on robust passive components.

    4.3 Miniaturization and Weight Reduction

    Compact camera modules reduce vehicle weight, simplify mounting, and enhance design flexibility.
    Achieving this requires smaller yet more capable capacitors, inductors, and resistors.

    5. Circuit Configuration of Each Camera Module

    The following components constitute the core circuitry of sensing and driver monitoring cameras:

    • Image Sensor

    Captures visual data and converts light into electrical signals.

    • SoC

    Processes images, performs recognition algorithms, and generates control outputs.

    • MCU

    Handles operational commands and coordinates with system‑level ECUs.

    • Transceiver (High‑ and Low‑Speed)

    Supports communication with other vehicle systems.

    • DDR Memory

    Acts as a buffer for real‑time image processing.

    • Flash Memory

    Stores firmware, system configuration, and calibration parameters.

    • DC/DC Converters

    Provide regulated voltages for image sensors, memory, SoCs, and communication ICs.
    These power stages must address noise suppression, fast transient response, and minimal ripple to prevent image degradation.
    System configuration of a sensing camera and a driver monitoring camera

    Surround view camera

    A camera ECU and surround view ECU are used to make up a surround view camera. Unlike other types of camera modules, multiple camera units are mounted on a vehicle to make up the surround view camera. Therefore, transceiver circuits must communicate larger amounts of data. An FPGA is used to integrate the acquired image data into one, where image processing is performed at high speed.

    Other configurations are the same as those of sensing cameras and driver monitoring cameras.

    Surround view camera system configuration

    6. Specific Component Examples and Their Applications

    Both DC/DC converter circuits and transceiver interfaces rely heavily on high‑performance passive components. Panasonic’s automotive‑grade devices play key roles in achieving reliable and compact designs.

    6.1 DC/DC Converter Components

    DC/DC converters commonly integrate:

    Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

    Ideal for:
    • Noise reduction
    • Smoothing output ripple
    • High‑frequency filtering
    Key benefits:
    • High capacitance with low ESR
    • Excellent ripple current handling
    • Stable performance across wide frequencies

    Automotive Power Inductors

    Used for:
    • Efficient voltage conversion
    • High‑current power stages
    Key benefits:
    • Metal composite materials for low core loss
    • Excellent current handling
    • Reduced AC resistance at high switching frequencies

    High‑Precision Chip Resistors

    Used for:
    • Voltage measurement and sensing
    • Feedback control accuracy
    Key benefits:
    • Thin‑film structures with low temperature coefficients
    • Accurate resistance values for stable regulation

    Components used in a DC/DC converter

    Components used in a DC/DC converter

    6.2 Transceiver Interface Components

    Transceiver circuits often face ESD and EMI challenges because they interact directly with external communication lines.

    Chip Varistors

    Used for:
    • ESD suppression
    • Noise filtering on CAN, Ethernet, and LVDS lines
    Key benefits:
    • Wide capacitance range (suitable for various speeds)
    • Effective noise absorption without harming signal quality

    ESD Suppressors

    Used for:
    • Protecting high‑speed interfaces
    • Ensuring signal integrity in fast communication links
    Key benefits:
    • Ultra‑low capacitance (~0.1 pF range)
    • Ideal for high‑speed automotive Ethernet
    Panasonic’s protective components provide robust safeguarding for critical transceiver ICs.
    Components used in a transceiver IF
    Components used in a transceiver IF
    Components used in a transceiver IF

    7. Panasonic Product Lineup and Key Advantages

    As camera systems advance, automotive components must deliver:
    • High current capability
    • Low loss and reduced heat generation
    • High‑frequency operation
    • Compact size
    • Long‑term reliability
    • Precision measurement capability
    Panasonic Industry provides a wide portfolio tailored to these demanding requirements:

    • Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

    • Low ESR, high ripple durability
    • Ideal for miniaturized high‑current designs

    • Automotive Power Inductors

    • Low loss at high frequencies
    • Stable performance for compact power stages

    • High‑Precision Chip Resistors

    • Tight tolerance, high heat resistance

    • Chip Varistors

    • Wide capacitance options for CAN to Ethernet

    • ESD Suppressors

    • Ultra‑low capacitance for high‑speed digital lines
    These components are readily available through Farnell, enabling engineers to design robust, next‑generation ADAS camera modules.
  • LiDAR Technology in Autonomous Driving: A Practical Guide to Key Components

    LiDAR Technology in Autonomous Driving: A Practical Guide to Key Components

    riyo@panasonic

    1. What Is LiDAR?

    LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a sensing technology that measures the distance to objects by emitting laser pulses and capturing the reflected light. The combination of emission direction and time‑of‑flight enables the generation of a high‑resolution 3D point cloud, which is widely used in ADAS and autonomous driving systems. As vehicle automation advances, the adoption of LiDAR is expected to grow steadily. 

    Optical element Optical axis varying method Type Scanning
    LD, PD Mechanical method Rotation by a motor A number of LDs and PDs are rotated by a motor to scan the whole area.
    Polygon mirror Respective optical axes of a single LD and a single PD are varied by a polygon mirror in scanning.
    Non-mechanical method (solid-state) MEMS mirror Respective optical axes of a single LD and a single PD are varied by a MEMS mirror in scanning.
    Phased array Respective optical axes of a single LD and a single PD are varied by a waveguide in scanning.
    Flash Light from a light source, such as an LED, is emitted over a wide area, and reflected light is collectively scanned by an array of PDs.

    2. How LiDAR Measures Distance and Recognizes Objects

    Distance Measurement

    • A laser diode emits a pulse toward an object.
    • A photodiode receives the reflected light.
    • The distance is determined from the time between emission and reception.

    Object Recognition

    By repeatedly scanning in multiple directions, LiDAR creates a point cloud.
    This data is used to:

    • Identify obstacles
    • Build dynamic 3D maps
    • Estimate and correct the vehicle’s position in real time 

    3. Market Trends and Technical Requirements

    As autonomous driving levels increase, LiDAR systems must meet three key requirements:

    Requirement Reason
    Higher power Higher‑resolution sensing increases CPU load and power demands.
    Faster communication High‑frequency and high‑speed data transfer is essential to process large point clouds.
    Smaller size & lighter weight Vehicles incorporate more sensors, requiring miniaturized components.

    4. LiDAR System Overview

    A LiDAR unit typically consists of:

    • Laser Diode (LD): Emits high‑speed laser pulses
    • Photodiode (PD): Converts received light into electrical signals
    • Amplifier for the PD output
    • FPGA: Handles high‑speed data processing
    • MCU: Controls system operation
    • Transceiver: CAN/Ethernet communication
    • DDR & Flash Memory
    • DC/DC Converters: Provide necessary voltage rails

    Overall configuration of the LiDAR system

    5. Key Circuits and Recommended Components 

    5‑1. DC/DC Converter Circuit

    High‑performance LiDAR requires stable, low‑noise power.

    Recommended Components

    Function Component Key Features
    Noise filtering & smoothing Conductive polymer hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitor Low ESR, high ripple tolerance, excellent high‑frequency behavior
    Voltage conversion Automotive power inductor High current capability, low loss, low ACR
    Voltage measurement High‑precision chip resistor Low resistance tolerance, low TCR for accurate control

    Components used in the DC/DC converter

    5‑2. Transceiver Interface (CAN / Ethernet)

    Because communication lines are exposed to ESD, protection devices are critical.

    Recommended Components

    Key points:

    • Chip varistors cover a wide capacitance range (8–250 pF) for low → high‑speed communication
    • ESD suppressors (0.1 pF) are optimal for high‑speed interfaces

    Components used in the transceiver IF

    5‑3. Photodiode Light‑Receiving Circuit

    Reflected laser light is weak and must be amplified with high precision.

    Recommended Components

    Why they matter:

    • Low‑TCR thin‑film resistors ensure stable gain
    • High‑reliability thermistors maintain accurate sensing across temperatures

    Components used in the photodiode light-receiving circuit

    5‑4. Laser Diode Irradiation Circuit

    A GaN FET is typically used to deliver high‑speed, high‑power pulses.

    Recommended Components

    Key advantage:

    • Original resistance pattern and electrode design support high‑power switching while enabling device miniaturization

    Components used in the laser diode irradiation circuit

    6. Conclusion

    As autonomous vehicles adopt more LiDAR units, the demand for electronic components offering:

    • Low loss
    • High current capability
    • High‑frequency performance
    • Compact size & high reliability

    will continue to grow. Panasonic Industry offers a broad portfolio—including hybrid capacitors, automotive inductors, high‑precision resistors, varistors, ESD suppressors, and thermistors—that aligns well with these requirements. 

    Component Feature Large current Low loss High frequency Small size High precision
    Conductive polymer hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitor Low ESR
    High reliability    		 Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Automotive power inductor Large current, low loss
    High reliability    		 Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    		High precision, high resistance to heat Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Chip varistor Small and light Heavy check mark
    ESD suppressor Low capacitance
    Ultrafast data I/F    		 Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    NTC thermistor (chip type) Small, high resistance to heat Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
  • Why Terminal‑Temperature‑Based Ratings Matter in Modern Electronics Design

    Why Terminal‑Temperature‑Based Ratings Matter in Modern Electronics Design

    riyo@panasonic

    A Practical Guide to Panasonic Industry Chip Resistors

    As electronic devices continue to shrink while delivering ever-greater performance, thermal design has become one of the most critical—and often underestimated—challenges in circuit development. Highly integrated ICs and densely packed surface‑mount components generate more heat than ever before, placing new demands on designers tasked with ensuring long‑term reliability.
    To address these challenges, Panasonic Industry promotes a design approach that is rapidly becoming essential in advanced PCB development: terminal‑temperature‑based power rating. This technique provides far more accurate guidance than traditional ambient‑temperature‑based ratings—especially for today’s compact SMD resistors.
    In this article, we explain why terminal temperature matters, how to measure it correctly, how international standards (including JEITA) are evolving, and how Panasonic’s chip resistors can help ensure reliable, thermally sound circuit performance.

    1. From Leaded Components to SMD: Why Thermal Behavior Has Changed

    Historically, through‑hole (leaded) resistors dissipated most of their heat—up to 90%—directly into the surrounding air. Their rated power was therefore determined with ambient temperature as the reference point.
    Today’s electronics, however, rely heavily on surface‑mount resistors, which behave very differently:

    Leaded Resistors

    • Large surface area → excellent heat dissipation through convection and radiation
    • Minimal heat transfer to the PCB
    • Ambient temperature is the dominant variable

    Image of heat release by different types of components

    Heat effect image of resistor with leads

    • With thin and long lead terminals, the component conducts (releases) a small amount of heat to the mounting board.
    • The large surface area of the component allows for great convection, radiation, and dissipation of heat.

    Surface‑Mount Chip Resistors

    • Very small surface area → limited convection and radiation
    • Large solder‑pad contact area → significant heat conduction into the PCB
    • Strongly affected by neighboring components’ heat
    Because SMD resistors experience heat not only from their own power dissipation but also from the board, relying solely on ambient temperature can lead to significant errors in power‑rating calculations.
    Surface-mounted component
    Heat effect image of surface-mounted component
    • Having connection terminals with a large contact area, the component conducts (releases) a large amount of heat to the mounting board.
    • The small surface area of the component lessens the ability of convection, radiation, and dissipation of heat.

    2. Why Terminal‑Temperature‑Based Specification Is Becoming Essential

    To solve this mismatch, manufacturers—including Panasonic Industry—have adopted a more precise method: measuring power rating based on terminal temperature rather than ambient air temperature.
    This approach allows engineers to:
    • Quantify the exact thermal load applied to a resistor during operation
    • Reduce design uncertainty caused by complex heat flow within a dense PCB
    • Improve prediction accuracy for component lifetime and failure risk
    The trend has grown strong enough that industry organizations such as JEITA have begun issuing study reports and guidance documents, including RCR‑2114: Study for the derating curve of fixed surface‑mount resistors, which Panasonic follows when defining its product specifications.
    Conceptual diagram

    3. Measuring Terminal Temperature: Methods and Key Considerations

    Terminal temperature can be measured using two common tools:
    Method Advantages Limitations
    Thermocouple High accuracy, direct measurement Requires physical contact; heat conduction through wires may distort readings
    Infrared thermography Contactless, easy to use, wide temperature range Cannot measure through glass; requires high surface emissivity (may need black coating)
    Because many practical evaluations occur at the prototype stage and involve very small components, thermocouples are the most commonly used tool.

    3.1 Choosing the Right Thermocouple

    Thermocouples vary in heat conductivity and measurement characteristics:
    • K‑type
      Ideal for chip resistors due to low heat conductivity and minimal thermal interference.
    • T‑type
      Highly accurate but conducts heat more easily, which can artificially lower the reading on small components.
    For reliable results, selecting a thermocouple with thin wires and low thermal mass is essential.

    3.2 How to Prepare and Attach a Thermocouple Correctly

    To ensure accurate readings:
    1. Properly weld the wire tips
      • Twisting or soldering the wires together is not enough
      • Use spot‑welding to form a small, stable junction
    2. Avoid oversized or crossed wire tips
      • An oversized joint or a stray wire can act as a heat sink
      • This causes temperature readings to fluctuate or drop artificially
    3. Attach precisely to the center of the solder fillet
      • Placing the junction near the edge or outside of the fillet compromises accuracy
      • The thermocouple must be exactly at the intended thermal reference point
    Panasonic’s evaluation examples emphasize correct positioning, as shown in their measurement diagrams.

    3.3 Sources of Measurement Error

    Even when the thermocouple is attached correctly, two main factors may introduce errors:
    1. Lot‑to‑lot inconsistency in the thermocouple’s electromotive characteristics
    2. Voltage measurement error in the data logger (channel‑to‑channel variation)
    Engineers should always account for these factors when interpreting measurement results.
    Use of the thermocouple

    4. Selecting Components Based on Terminal‑Temperature Rating

    Panasonic Industry provides both ambient‑temperature‑based and terminal‑temperature‑based ratings in many resistor datasheets. A sample from the ERJPA3 (0603) series illustrates how both specifications coexist:

    Ambient‑Temperature‑Based Derating Example

    • 105 °C → 100% rated power
    • 135 °C → 40% rated power

    Terminal‑Temperature‑Based Derating Example

    • 130 °C → 100% rated power
    • 135 °C → 80% rated power
    In cases where both ratings are listed and the design environment is complex (high density, high heat flow), Panasonic recommends prioritizing the terminal‑temperature‑based rating for greater design accuracy.
    ERJPA3 series catalog (which shows product specifications as of April 2023)
    ambient-temperature-based specification derating curve
    terminal-temperature-based specification derating curve

    5. Why This Matters for Today’s Designers

    As electronics continue to evolve toward higher power density and smaller footprints, thermal reliability becomes a determining factor in product lifespan and performance. Terminal temperature offers a more reliable metric than ambient conditions, especially for SMD resistors mounted on densely populated PCBs.
    Key takeaways:
    • SMD resistors experience significantly more board‑influenced heating than leaded components
    • Terminal‑temperature‑based rating produces more accurate real‑world load calculations
    • Using the correct thermocouple and attachment technique is critical to obtaining reliable data
    • Panasonic Industry provides clear, JEITA‑aligned specifications to support accurate thermal design

    Explore Panasonic Chip Resistors on Farnell

    Panasonic Industry offers a broad lineup of high‑reliability chip resistors engineered for stable performance under demanding thermal conditions. 
    Point right Browse Panasonic chip resistors on Element14
    By integrating terminal‑temperature‑based evaluation into your workflow, you’ll achieve more robust circuit designs—and selecting Panasonic’s thermally optimized resistors will help ensure your products perform reliably in even the most demanding applications.
  • Advancing Electrolytic Capacitor Technology: Achieving Ultra-Low ESR for High Reliability Applications

    Advancing Electrolytic Capacitor Technology: Achieving Ultra-Low ESR for High Reliability Applications

    riyo@panasonic

    1. Introduction

    Electrolytic capacitors remain a trusted choice for engineers due to their high ripple current capability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.
    However, as power electronics evolve—especially in automotive and industrial sectors—the demand for low ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) has become critical for efficiency and stability.

    The equivalent circuit of a capacitor is made up of four apperently simple elements

    2. What is ESR and Why Does It Matter?

    ESR represents the resistive component within a capacitor’s equivalent circuit. It influences:

    • Power efficiency: High ESR increases losses and heat generation.
    • Ripple voltage: Low ESR ensures cleaner, stable power for microprocessors.
    • System reliability: Lower ESR extends capacitor life and improves control loop stability.

    3. Advantages of Low ESR Capacitors

    • Reduced ripple voltage for stable power delivery.
    • Enhanced energy efficiency and compliance with global standards (ENERGY STAR, EU Code of Conduct).
    • Longer operational life due to minimized internal heating.

    4. Panasonic’s Low ESR Solutions

    Panasonic offers one of the industry’s most comprehensive portfolios of low ESR electrolytic capacitors, available in THT (Through-Hole) and SMD (Surface-Mount) configurations.

    4.1 THT Series Highlights

    • FR Series: Ultra-low impedance (as low as 12 mΩ at 100 kHz, 20°C), 10,000-hour life at 105°C.
    • TP Series: High-temperature endurance up to 135°C for 2,000 hours.
    • EE Series: Exceptional ripple current capability, ideal for high-voltage applications.

    Electrolytic Capacitors THT Series Overview

    4.2 SMD Series Highlights

    • FK Series: Broad offering for miniaturized designs, low ESR ideal for high-efficiency systems.
    • FT Series/ FP Series: ESR values down to 60 mΩ in compact packages.
    • TCU Series: Automotive-grade, AEC-Q200 qualified, vibration-proof options available.
    Figure 3 Electrolytic Capacitors SMD Series Overview

    5. Automotive and Industrial Applications

    • Automotive ECUs: High ripple current handling for DC/DC converters.
    • Industrial Power Supplies: Stable filtering under harsh conditions.
    • Driverless Car Systems: High-temperature and vibration-proof designs for safety-critical electronics.

    6. Why Choose Panasonic?

    • Extensive product range for diverse applications.
    • Proven reliability under real-world conditions.
    • Compliance with AEC-Q200 and global efficiency standards.

    Explore Panasonic’s full range of low ESR electrolytic capacitors on Element14
  • Radar in ADAS and Autonomous Driving Systems: Why It Matters and How Panasonic Powers It

    Radar in ADAS and Autonomous Driving Systems: Why It Matters and How Panasonic Powers It

    riyo@panasonic

    Radar: The Backbone of Advanced Driver Assistance

    Radar technology is a critical sensing solution for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Autonomous Driving (AD). By using millimeter-wave radio signals, radar detects objects and obstacles around a vehicle—even in challenging conditions like rain or fog. This capability makes radar indispensable for safe and reliable driving.

    How Radar Works

    Radar measures distance by emitting radio waves and analyzing the time it takes for the reflected signal to return. Common automotive radar frequencies include 24 GHz, 77 GHz, and 79 GHz, with 79 GHz expected to dominate due to its superior resolution.
    Unlike cameras or LiDAR, radar performs well in poor visibility. Cameras excel at color and shape recognition but struggle in bad weather, while LiDAR offers high-resolution 3D imaging but loses accuracy in rain or snow. Radar complements these sensors, creating a robust multi-sensor system for enhanced safety.

    Market Trends: Why Radar Demand Is Rising

    With the rise of autonomous vehicles and mandatory safety features like automatic braking, radar adoption is accelerating. Higher frequencies improve detection accuracy but also increase data processing loads, creating new challenges for electronic components.
    Future radar systems demand:
    • High Power: To handle increased processing loads.
    • Heat Resistance: Preventing performance degradation in compact designs.
    • Compact Size & Lightweight: Essential for modern automotive architectures.

    Inside a Radar System: Key Components

    A radar unit consists of:
    • High-Frequency RF Circuit: Handles millimeter-wave transmission and reception.
    • Antennas: For signal transmission and reception.
    • MCU (Microcontroller): Controls radar operations.
    • Transceiver: Interfaces with external systems via CAN or Ethernet.
    • DC/DC Converter: Regulates voltage for each component.

    Overall configuration of the radar system

    Panasonic Solutions for Radar Systems

    Panasonic offers cutting-edge components designed for automotive radar applications:

    DC/DC Converter Components

    • Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
      • High capacitance, low ESR, excellent ripple suppression.
      • Ideal for noise filtering and voltage smoothing.
        Explore Capacitors →
    • Automotive Power Inductors
    • High-Precision Chip Resistors

    Components used in the DC/DC converter

    Transceiver Interface Protection

    • Chip Varistors & ESD Suppressors
      • Protect against electrostatic discharge and noise without compromising signal integrity.

    Components used in the transceiver IF

    Why Choose Panasonic for Radar Applications?

    Panasonic components deliver:
    • High Current Handling
    • Low Loss Performance
    • Compact Size
    • High Precision
    • Reliability in Harsh Conditions
    As radar technology evolves, Panasonic continues to provide solutions that meet the demands of next-generation ADAS and autonomous driving systems.

    Panasonic Components for Radar Systems

    Panasonic offers a wide range of components optimized for radar applications:
    Component Features Large Current Low Loss Compact

    Small Size

    		 High Precision
    Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Low ESR, High Reliability Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Automotive Power Inductors High Current, Low Loss Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    High-Precision & High-Power Chip Resistors High Accuracy, Heat Resistance Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Chip Varistors Compact, Lightweight Heavy check mark

    Ready to Design Your Radar System?

    Discover Panasonic’s full lineup of automotive components for radar applications on Panasonic Industry.
    Empower your ADAS design with components engineered for performance and safety.
  • What is an On-Board Charger (OBC) in Electric Vehicles?

    What is an On-Board Charger (OBC) in Electric Vehicles?

    riyo@panasonic

    — Panasonic’s High-Efficiency AC/DC Conversion System for Faster EV Charging —

    As electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) become increasingly common, the demand for faster and more efficient battery charging grows. At the heart of this process is the On-Board Charger (OBC) — a critical system that converts AC power from charging stations into DC power suitable for vehicle batteries.
    In this article, we’ll explore the role of OBCs, their system architecture, and the Panasonic components that enable high-performance, compact, and reliable charging solutions.

    Electric plug What Does an On-Board Charger (OBC) Do?

    An OBC is a power conversion system installed in EVs and PHEVs. It transforms AC power from residential or public charging stations into DC power required by the vehicle’s battery. Most OBCs operate in the 3.6kW to 22kW range, depending on regional standards and vehicle specifications.

    Zap Types of EV Charging

    ・Normal charging
    In normal charging, the battery is charged to full. The battery of an EV is charged with AC voltage from a private residents' charging equipment or a public charging station. Generally, charging the battery fully takes about eight hours. In the case of normal charging, the OBC incorporated in the vehicle converts AC voltage into DC voltage applicable to the vehicle battery.

    ・Quick charging
    Quick charging is charging to refill the battery in a short time. In quick charging, the charging station supplies DC voltage corresponding to the battery voltage, charging up the vehicle battery in a short time by quickly feeding the battery with large power. Quick charging, in general, takes about 30 minutes to 1 hour to finish, depending on the battery capacity. You will find those chargers for EVs in a lot of expressway rest areas, commercial establishments, etc.

    Charging Type Power Source Location OBC Usage Charging Time Purpose
    Normal Charging AC (200V/400V) Home, Office Converts AC to DC ~8 hours Full battery charge
    Fast Charging DC (direct output) Highways, Commercial Facilities Not used ~30–60 minutes Quick top-up
    Normal charging relies on the OBC to convert AC to DC, while fast charging bypasses the OBC by supplying DC directly to the battery.

    Battery Battery Capacity & OBC Output

    Battery capacity varies by vehicle type (compact, SUV, sports car). OBC output is designed to fully charge the battery within approximately 8 hours, with regional variations in specifications.

    Chart with upwards trend Market Trends & Component Requirements

    As EV adoption accelerates, OBCs must evolve to support:
    • Higher output power
    • Faster charging times
    • Smaller battery sizes
    To meet these demands, electronic components must offer:
    • High voltage tolerance
    • Large current capacity
    • Low power loss
    • High heat resistance
    • Compact design

    OBC System Architecture

    The OBC system consists of multiple circuits:
    1. Voltage Measurement (Input/Output) – Controls conversion accuracy using high-precision chip resistors.
    2. Noise Filters (Input/Output) – Suppress external and internal noise using automotive-grade film capacitors.
    3. Full-Wave Rectifier & PFC Circuit – Converts AC to DC and improves efficiency using capacitors and inductors.
    4. Voltage Conversion Circuit – Uses transformers and switching elements with noise-suppressing resistors.
    5. DC/DC Converter – Powers control circuits using hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitors and power inductors.
    6. Communication Interface – Protects transceiver ICs from ESD using chip varistors.

    Overall configuration of the OBS system

    Wrench Panasonic Components for OBC Systems

    Panasonic offers a wide range of components optimized for OBC applications:
    Component Features High Voltage High Current Low Loss Compact Heat Resistant High Precision
    Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Low ESR, High Reliability Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Automotive Power Inductors High Current, Low Loss Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    High-Precision & High-Power Chip Resistors High Accuracy, Heat Resistance Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Chip Varistors Compact, Lightweight Heavy check mark
    Automotive Film Capacitors High Reliability Heavy check mark Heavy check mark

    These components are designed to meet the evolving needs of EV charging systems, ensuring safety, efficiency, and scalability.

    Shopping cart Explore Panasonic’s OBC Solutions

    Panasonic’s advanced electronic components are engineered to support the next generation of EVs. Whether you're designing for high power, compact size, or fast charging, our lineup offers the reliability and performance your system demands.
  • Unlocking the Power of EV Inverters: Panasonic Solutions for Next-Gen Mobility

    Unlocking the Power of EV Inverters: Panasonic Solutions for Next-Gen Mobility

    riyo@panasonic
    As electric vehicles (EVs) continue to reshape the automotive landscape, one component plays a pivotal role in driving performance and efficiency: the inverter. This essential device converts direct current (DC) from the battery into alternating current (AC) to power the motor. In this article, we’ll explore the role of inverters in EVs, key design requirements, and how Panasonic’s advanced electronic components are enabling the future of e-mobility.

    What Is an EV Inverter?

    An inverter is a DC/AC converter that transforms the battery’s direct current into alternating current, which is required by most EV traction motors. Without an inverter, the motor cannot operate. Depending on the vehicle type, one or more inverters may be installed—especially in models with in-wheel motors, where each wheel is powered independently.
    Brief description of the inverter

    Motor Types and the Need for Inverters

    EV motors fall into two main categories:
    • Brush Motors: Simple and cost-effective, these run on DC and are typically used in small devices.
    • Brushless Motors: Preferred for EVs due to their high efficiency and precise speed control. These require AC power, making inverters indispensable.

    Features of brush motors and brushless motors

    Market Trends: Why High-Performance Inverters Matter

    With the rapid adoption of EVs, the demand for high-output inverters is surging. Key trends include:

    1. High Power Output

    Modern EVs require inverters that can handle voltages up to 800V and large currents. This demands robust semiconductor components capable of managing high power without compromising reliability.

    2. Heat Resistance

    As components shrink, heat density increases. High thermal resistance is essential to prevent degradation and ensure long-term performance.

    3. Compact & Lightweight Design

    While power output increases, size and weight must decrease to maintain vehicle efficiency. Panasonic addresses this challenge with miniaturized, high-performance components.

    Inside the Inverter: Key Circuit Blocks

    An EV inverter is a complex system composed of several critical circuits:
    • Noise Filter: Suppresses internal and external electromagnetic interference.
    • Voltage Measuring Circuit: Monitors input voltage for precise control.
    • Voltage Conversion Circuit: Uses switching elements (e.g., FETs) to convert voltage, with film capacitors and resistors to manage noise and energy discharge.
    • Current Measuring Circuit: Ensures accurate current control.
    • Control Circuit: Coordinates the entire conversion process.
    • DC/DC Converter: Powers the control circuit using hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitors and automotive-grade inductors.
    • Communication Interface (CAN, Ethernet): Protected by chip varistors to guard against static and noise.

    Overall configuration of the inverter

    Panasonic’s Component Solutions for EV Inverters

    Panasonic Industry offers a comprehensive lineup of components tailored for inverter applications, including:
    • Film Capacitors: Essential for suppressing electromagnetic noise and stabilizing voltage fluctuations.
    • NTC Thermistors: Used for precise temperature monitoring and thermal protection of switching elements.
    • Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors: Deliver stable power in DC/DC converter circuits, ensuring reliable operation under high-load conditions.
    • Power Inductors: Automotive-grade inductors optimized for efficient voltage conversion and noise filtering.
    • Chip Varistors: Provide electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection for communication interfaces such as CAN and Ethernet.
    • Chip Resistors: Crucial for gate control in switching circuits, noise suppression, and energy discharge management. These resistors help stabilize inverter operation and contribute to overall system reliability.
    These components are engineered to meet the demands of high power, thermal resilience, and compact design, making them ideal for next-generation EV platforms.

    Conclusion: Driving the Future with Panasonic

    As EV technology evolves, so too must the components that power it. Panasonic’s advanced solutions for inverters help engineers meet the challenges of high performance, miniaturization, and reliability. Whether you're designing for a compact city EV or a high-performance electric SUV, Panasonic has the components to bring your vision to life.
    Point right Explore Panasonic’s inverter-ready components on https://www.element14.com/ and accelerate your EV innovation today.
    Component Feature High Voltage Large Current  Low Loss Miniaturization High Heat Resistance High Precision
    Film Capacitors High reliability advantage advantage
    Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Low ESR
    High reliability    		 advantage advantage advantage advantage advantage
    Power Inductor for Automotive Application Large current, low loss
    High reliability    		 advantage advantage advantage advantage
    Chip Resistor High precision, high resistance to heat advantage advantage advantage advantage advantage
    Chip Varistor Small and light advantage
    NTC thermistor Small, high resistance to heat advantage advantage advantage
  • What Is a DC/DC Converter in Electric Vehicles (EVs)?

    What Is a DC/DC Converter in Electric Vehicles (EVs)?

    riyo@panasonic

    Essential Power Conversion for Safe and Efficient EV Operation

    Electric vehicles (EVs) rely on two types of onboard batteries: a high-voltage lithium-ion battery and a low-voltage lead-acid battery. While the lithium-ion battery powers the drive motor and is charged via external charging stations, the lead-acid battery supports auxiliary systems and must be charged internally—from the lithium-ion battery. This is where the DC/DC converter plays a critical role: it transforms high-voltage DC power into low-voltage DC power, enabling safe and efficient operation of various vehicle systems.

    Why DC/DC Converters Are Essential in EVs

    Modern EVs are packed with electronic components—from ECUs and cameras to lighting systems—all of which operate on low-voltage power. However, the main drive motor requires high-voltage power (typically 400V or more) to reduce current flow and improve energy efficiency. Without a DC/DC converter, these systems would be incompatible with the vehicle’s power architecture.
    Brief description of the DC/DC converter

    High vs. Low Voltage Applications

    • High Voltage (400V+): Used for drive motors and other high-power systems. High voltage reduces current, minimizing energy loss and improving efficiency.
    • Low Voltage (12V): Powers auxiliary systems such as infotainment, lighting, and control circuits—even within high-voltage devices.

    Why 12V Is the Standard

    The 12V standard originates from early automotive systems that used lead-acid batteries to power starter motors. Today, passenger vehicles still use 12V systems (6 cells × 2.1V), while larger vehicles like trucks often use 24V systems for higher torque requirements.

    Market Trends and Future Outlook

    As EV adoption accelerates globally, the demand for DC/DC converters is expected to rise significantly. Additionally, the electrification of more vehicle systems is driving the need for:
    • Higher output power
    • Smaller form factors
    • Greater thermal resistance
    • Higher precision and reliability
    Panasonic Industry is at the forefront of this evolution, offering a comprehensive lineup of automotive-grade components designed to meet these demanding requirements.

    DC/DC Converter Circuit Architecture

    A typical DC/DC converter consists of several key functional blocks:
    1. Voltage Detection (Input/Output): Measures voltage levels to control conversion accuracy.
    2. Noise Filters: Suppress electromagnetic interference using inductors and hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitors.
    3. Voltage Conversion Circuit: Uses switching elements and transformers to step down voltage.
    4. Control Circuit: Manages switching operations and overall system behavior.
    5. Communication Interface: Enables external communication via CAN or Ethernet, protected by chip varistors against ESD.

    Overall configuration of the DC/DC converter

    Key Components Used

    • Film Capacitors: For input/output noise filtering
    • Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors: For smoothing and noise suppression
    • Automotive Power Inductors: For voltage conversion
    • High-Precision Chip Resistors: For voltage measurement
    • Chip Varistors: For ESD protection in communication circuits

    Panasonic’s Component Solutions for DC/DC Converters

    Panasonic Industry offers a wide range of high-performance components tailored for automotive DC/DC converter applications:

    Conclusion

    DC/DC converters are indispensable in EVs, enabling the safe and efficient operation of low-voltage systems from high-voltage sources. As EV technology continues to evolve, the demand for compact, high-output, and thermally robust converters will grow. Panasonic Industry is committed to supporting this transformation with advanced electronic components that meet the highest standards of automotive reliability.
    Component Feature High voltage Large current Low loss Miniaturization High heat resistance High precision
    Film Capacitors (Automotive, Industrial and Infrastructure Use) High reliability good good
    Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Low ESR
    High reliability    		 good good good good good
    Power Inductors for Automotive application Large current, low loss
    High reliability    		 good good good good
    High Precision Chip Resistors
    Small & High Power Chip Resistors    		 High precision, high resistance to heat good good good good good
    Chip Varistor Small and light good

  • Case Study: Panasonic Chip Resistors Driving EV Innovation (Part 2)

    riyo@panasonic

    High-Temperature Resistant Resistors Enabling Compact Inverter and BMS Designs

    As the global shift toward electric vehicles (EVs) accelerates, countries like Germany, California (USA), Quebec (Canada), China, and Japan are implementing stricter regulations to phase out gasoline and diesel vehicles by 2035. This transition brings new challenges—particularly in battery management and energy efficiency.
    One major concern is the lifecycle of EV batteries. Over time, repeated charging and discharging cycles degrade battery performance, requiring costly and energy-intensive replacements. To extend battery life and maximize driving range, two key technologies come into play: inverters, which convert DC battery power to AC for motors, and Battery Management Systems (BMS), which monitor and optimize battery health.
    Panasonic’s chip resistors are critical components in these systems. Known for their compact size, high voltage tolerance, heat resistance, and long operational life, they are widely adopted in demanding automotive applications.

    Application Example 1: Voltage-Dividing Circuits in BMS Using ERJH Series

    In BMS and inverter rectifier circuits, discharge resistors are essential for safely releasing stored energy from smoothing capacitors during equipment failure. While precision resistance isn’t required, high heat resistance is crucial.
    In one case, a customer needed a solution for a voltage-dividing circuit handling 500 V across resistors totaling ~80 kΩ, with 3 W power consumption and ambient temperatures reaching 105°C. Panasonic proposed the ERJH series thick-film resistors:
    • Configuration: 3 × 2012-size (2.0 × 1.2 mm) resistors in series (each 56 kΩ, 0.5 W), with two sets in parallel (~84 kΩ total)
    • Result: 33% reduction in component count compared to previous designs
    • Advantage: Rated for up to 175°C, allowing higher power operation even in high-temperature environments
    This solution not only improved thermal performance but also reduced board space and cost.
    Comparison with conventional design
    ERJHP6J563V PANASONIC, SMD Chip Resistor, 56 kohm, ± 5% | Farnell® UK

    Application Example 2: Cell Balancing Circuits Using ERJB Series

    Battery packs consist of multiple cells, each with varying degradation levels. To balance capacity, discharge resistors are used to reduce the charge of healthier cells, aligning them with the most degraded one.
    Requirements for these resistors include:
    • Resistance: ~10 Ω (±5%)
    • Power: 1–2 W
    • Tolerance for temperature rise
    While multiple thick-film resistors could meet these specs, Panasonic recommended the ERJB series long-side electrode resistors, which offer:
    • Higher power handling due to larger electrode area
    • Reduced risk of cracking during mounting
    • Compact design ideal for limited battery cell space

    Example of cell-balanced circuits

    Product Lineup:

    • ERJB3 (2012 size): 0.5 W, 150 V max
    • ERJB2 (3216 size): 0.75 W, 200 V max
    • ERJB1 (5025 size): 1.0 W, 200 V max
      All models operate reliably from −55°C to 155°C.

    Lineup of long-side electrode resistors

    Why Panasonic Resistors Are Ideal for EV Applications

    In the evolving EV landscape, BMS plays a pivotal role in ensuring battery longevity and safety. Panasonic’s chip resistors—engineered for compactness, durability, and environmental resilience—help manufacturers meet stringent performance and space requirements.
    By integrating Panasonic’s ERJH and ERJB series resistors, designers can:
    • Enhance system reliability
    • Reduce component count and board size
    • Lower overall system cost

    Interested in Panasonic Resistors for Your EV Designs?

    Explore our lineup on PANASONIC Chip SMD Resistors | Farnell® UK

  • Case Study: Adoption of Panasonic Chip Resistors in EV Battery Systems

    Case Study: Adoption of Panasonic Chip Resistors in EV Battery Systems

    riyo@panasonic

    Introduction: The Global Shift Toward Electrification

    The electrification of vehicles, once a regional initiative led by European nations to combat climate change, has now become a global movement. Governments worldwide are implementing policies that mandate the exclusive sale of electric vehicles (EVs) within the next few decades. This rapid transition is driving innovation in EV design, particularly in the optimization of battery systems and electronic components.
    EVs rely entirely on battery power—not only for propulsion via main motors but also for auxiliary systems such as steering, power windows, door mirrors, control units, and communication modules. As a result, the demand for highly reliable, compact, and efficient electronic components has surged.
    Despite improvements in battery technology, EVs still face challenges in achieving long driving ranges. This makes the role of inverters and Battery Management Systems (BMSs) increasingly critical. Inverters convert DC output from batteries into AC for drive motors, while BMSs monitor and maintain battery health over time, minimizing degradation and ensuring long-term performance.

    Panasonic Chip Resistors: Meeting the Demands of Modern EVs

    Panasonic’s chip resistors are engineered to meet the stringent requirements of EV applications. With features such as high voltage tolerance, thermal stability, and precision resistance, these resistors are trusted by leading manufacturers for use in critical systems like BMS and operational amplifier circuits.
    This article highlights two real-world examples where Panasonic chip resistors have been successfully adopted to improve performance, reduce component count, and enhance reliability.

    Application 1: Voltage Monitoring in BMS Circuits

    Challenge: High-Voltage Monitoring in Compact Spaces

    EV battery packs are constructed by connecting multiple modules of small cells to achieve high-voltage output. For instance, one customer utilizes a battery system with a maximum operating voltage of 1500 V. In their conventional BMS voltage monitoring circuit, they employed ten 2012-size (2.0 × 1.2 mm) thin-film resistors, each rated at 150 V and 300 kΩ, connected in series.

    Solution: Panasonic ERA8PEB1004V Thin-Film Resistors

    To improve space efficiency and reliability, Panasonic proposed replacing the ten resistors with three 3216-size (3.2 × 1.6 mm) thin-film resistors rated at 500 V and 1 MΩ (Model: ERA8PEB1004V). This change reduced the mounting area from 40.25 mm² to 21.15 mm², achieving a 47.5% reduction in board space.

    Technical Advantages

    • High Precision: ±0.1% tolerance and ±25 ppm temperature coefficient (TCR)
    • Long-Term Stability: Designed to maintain accuracy over extended periods
    • Stress-Absorbing Design: Proprietary materials and structure reduce solder cracks caused by thermal contraction
    • Superior Reliability: Maintains connection integrity even in high-stress environments
    Panasonic’s design addresses a common issue in long-term use—solder cracking due to thermal mismatch between the PCB and mounted resistors. While larger resistors typically experience greater stress, Panasonic’s thin-film resistors outperform competitors in connection reliability, regardless of size or film type.
    Comparison with conventional design

    Impact on Battery Health Monitoring

    The high accuracy and stability of these resistors enable precise monitoring of battery degradation. This contributes to early detection of anomalies, enhancing the safety and longevity of EV battery systems.

    Application 2: Operational Amplifier Circuits in EVs

    Challenge: Precision and Miniaturization in Amplification Circuits

    Operational amplifiers are widely used in EVs to boost battery voltage to required levels. The amplification factor is determined by the ratio of two resistors (R1 and R2), making precision a critical requirement. Unlike BMS circuits, these resistors do not require high voltage tolerance but must maintain exact resistance values.
    Operational amplifier ci

    Solution: Panasonic ERA2V Series Thin-Film Resistors

    Panasonic’s ERA*V series offers compact, high-precision resistors ideal for amplifier circuits. For example, replacing a 1608-size (1.6 × 0.8 mm) resistor with a 1005-size (1.0 × 0.5 mm) ERA2V series resistor—both rated at 0.1 W and 75 V—results in a 60.3% reduction in mounting area.

    ESD Protection and Industry-Leading Durability

    Thin-film resistors are generally more vulnerable to electrostatic discharge (ESD). Panasonic’s ERA*V/K/P series incorporates robust ESD protection:
    • 2012 size: Withstands up to 2 kV
    • 1608 size: Withstands up to 1.5 kV
    • 1005 size: Withstands up to 1.0 kV
    These values are among the highest in the industry (as of March 2022), ensuring safe operation even in environments with high static electricity.
    table of comparison with the conventional design

    Additional Reliability Features

    Panasonic has also addressed other thin-film vulnerabilities:
    • Thermal Shock Resistance: Prevents solder cracks during temperature fluctuations
    • Corrosion Resistance: Protects against flux penetration and sulfidation during soldering
    These enhancements are made possible through careful selection of materials and innovative design, resulting in weather-resistant, long-life resistors suitable for demanding automotive environments.
    advantages of the company's thin-film resistors

    Conclusion: Panasonic Resistors Drive EV Innovation

    Panasonic’s thin-film chip resistors offer a unique combination of compact size, high reliability, and environmental resistance. Their adoption in EV systems contributes to:
    • Reduced circuit board space
    • Lower component costs
    • Enhanced system reliability
    • Improved battery health monitoring
    • Safer and longer-lasting amplifier circuits
    As EV technology continues to evolve, Panasonic remains committed to delivering high-performance components that meet the industry's most demanding requirements.

    Related Product Information

    Chip SMD Resistors | Farnell® UK

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