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  • Technological Innovations in Modern Transportation Powered by Panasonic Passive Components

    Technological Innovations in Modern Transportation Powered by Panasonic Passive Components

    riyo@panasonic
    How Panasonic’s Capacitors, Inductors, and Resistors Are Transforming the Future of EVs, E‑Bikes, AGVs, and Automotive Power Electronics.

    Introduction

    As global transportation accelerates toward electrification, automation, and higher power density, electronic designers face increasingly complex challenges. Whether it’s the rapid growth of electric vehicles, the explosion of the e‑bike market, or the expansion of industrial AGVs and next‑generation train systems, one truth remains constant: reliable passive components form the backbone of every mobility innovation.
    Panasonic’s portfolio of high‑performance passive components—spanning hybrid capacitors, metal‑composite inductors, precision resistors, and automotive‑grade reliability solutions—enables engineers to design systems that are safer, more efficient, and built to withstand harsh real‑world environments.
    This article explores how Panasonic’s component technology directly addresses the toughest design constraints in modern mobility and why these components have become a trusted choice among engineers designing for EVs, e‑bikes, AGVs, and power electronics.

    1. Evolving Market Demands in the Transportation Sector

    Electrification Is Redefining Component Requirements

    Today’s transportation ecosystem includes everything from passenger EVs and commercial vehicles to agricultural machinery, e‑bikes, and automated guided vehicles. As power systems shift from mechanical to electric, passive components must handle significantly higher electrical stress and environmental demands.
    Key drivers reshaping component specifications include:

    Automotive Electrification

    • Gasoline vehicles: primarily mechanical → require high‑reliability components
    • Electric vehicles (EVs): motor‑driven → need high reliability plus high current capability

    Rapid Expansion of the E‑Bike Market

    • Motor output increasing: 500 W → 750 W+
    • System voltages rising: 36 V → 48 V / 60 V
    • Compact, multifunctional designs becoming standard

    Core Requirements Across Transportation Systems

    To support these trends, designers now prioritize:
    • High current capability
      (low DCR, low ESR to improve efficiency)
    • Thermal robustness
      (–55 °C to +170 °C operating range)
    • Miniaturization & high density
      (SMD formats, compact power modules)
    • EMI suppression
      (especially for motor‑drive and switching circuits)
    • Long operational life
      (10+ years demanded in EV/AGV applications)
    These requirements form the foundation for why Panasonic’s passive components—especially its hybrid capacitors, metal composite inductors, and automotive‑grade resistors—have become essential solutions for next‑generation mobility systems.

    2. Hybrid Capacitors: Panasonic’s High‑Performance, Long‑Life Solution for Modern Mobility

    Panasonic’s hybrid capacitors are engineered to meet the rapidly intensifying demands of transportation electronics. By combining the strengths of electrolytic and polymer capacitor technologies, Panasonic delivers a balance of high ripple current, long operational life, and failsafe reliability—attributes essential in EVs, e‑bikes, AGVs, and automotive power electronics.

    Hybrid capacitors have become one of the most impactful innovations in Panasonic’s passive component lineup, enabling compact, thermally robust, and electrically stable designs for high‑power mobility systems.

    2.1 Technical Challenges in Transportation Power Systems

    Designers working on EV inverters, DC‑link circuits, e‑bike motor drivers, and industrial AGVs face several recurring challenges:

    High Current Handling Requirements

    E‑bike and AGV platforms demand DC‑link capacitors capable of managing 20–60 A ripple currents—especially in systems ranging from 500 W to 6 kW.
    Conventional aluminum electrolytic capacitors often require multiple parts in parallel, consuming valuable PCB area and increasing BOM cost.

    Long‑Term Reliability Under Extreme Conditions

    Modern EVs and AGVs require product lifetimes of 10 years and operating endurance exceeding 4,000 hours at 125 °C, far surpassing the typical 2,000‑hour rating of general electrolytic capacitors.
    This creates a significant reliability gap traditional technologies cannot bridge.

    Fail‑Safe Behavior in Failure Modes

    Polymer capacitors can offer low ESR and high current handling but risk short‑circuit failure, which is unacceptable in safety‑critical automotive and industrial systems.
    Regulations require open‑circuit failsafe behavior to prevent secondary damage or thermal hazards.

    Panasonic’s hybrid technology directly addresses all three challenges simultaneously.

    2.2 Panasonic Hybrid Capacitor Technology

    Panasonic’s hybrid capacitors merge liquid electrolyte with conductive polymer to create a component category that excels in both performance and safety.

    Key Advantages (Example: 35 V 47 μF device)

    • Low ESR rivaling polymer capacitors → dramatically improved ripple current capability
    • Open‑circuit fail‑safe behavior like aluminum electrolytics → enhanced safety margin
    • Double the operational life compared with conventional capacitors
    • Up to 4.5× higher ripple current tolerance for high‑power converters

    This allows engineers to reduce component count, shrink board size, and enhance system reliability—crucial benefits in compact traction inverters and motor‑control units.

    Hybrid Capacitor

    2.3 Key Hybrid Capacitor Series for Transportation

    Panasonic offers multiple hybrid capacitor families tailored for different mobility applications:

    Series Capacitance Ripple Current Miniaturization
    ZTU Up to 1.7× larger than entry‑level hybrids (e.g., 330 µF → 560 µF, φ10×10.2 mm) 1.8× improvement (2900 mA → 3500 mA) Smaller case option: φ10×10.2 → φ8×10.2
    ZUU Highest capacitance class, up to 1000 µF Industry‑leading ripple current up to 6100 mA Enables 1‑to‑many replacements to reduce cost/space
    ZVU 1.7× capacity increase compared to ZC series Maintains high ripple current similar to ZV (up to 4.6 A in 10×10.2 mm) Supports design consolidation & PCB reduction

    Series Highlights

    • ZTU: Build higher capacity or achieve miniaturization
    • ZUU: Best for high ripple current + ultra‑high capacitance
    • ZVU: Higher capacitance while keeping low‑profile packaging

    These series are widely used in EV power steering, cooling fans, OBCs, and e‑bike motor drives.

    2.4 Application Example: E‑Bike 6 kW Drive Inverter

    System Overview
    48 V Li‑ion Battery → DC‑DC Converter → BM‑IC → Motor Drive Inverter

    Conventional Design

    • 12 × 63 V, 150 μF, φ10 × 16.5 mm

    Proposal 1 (Using ZUU Series)

    • 63 V, 180 μF × 8 pcs (φ10 × 16.5 mm)
    • Total Capacitance: 1,440 μF
    • Ripple Current: 44 Arms
    • Component reduction: –33%

    Proposal 2 (ZUU Low‑Profile Option)

    • 63 V, 120 μF × 9 pcs (φ10 × 12.5 mm)
    • Height reduced 16.5 mm → 12.5 mm (–24%)
    • Ideal for compact e‑bike frames and integrated motor systems

    drive inverter

    2.5 Automotive Example: Electric Power Steering (EPS, 12 V / 500 W)

    Conventional Design

    • 4 × 25 V, 470 μF, φ10 × 12.5 mm

    Panasonic ZUU Proposal

    • 25 V, 1000 μF × 2 pcs (φ10 × 16.5 mm)

    • Total Capacitance: 2,000 μF (+6.4%)

    • Ripple Current: 12.2 Arms

    • Component count reduced by 50%

    EPS

    2.6 Automotive Example: Cooling Fan (24 V / 4 kW, 3‑Phase Motor)

    Conventional Design

    • 35 V, 470 μF × 11 pcs (φ10 × 16.5 mm)

    ZUU Proposal

    • 35 V, 680 μF × 9 pcs

    • Total Capacitance: 6,120 μF (+18%)

    • Component reduction: –18%

    cooling fan

    2.7 Automotive OBC DC‑DC Converter (400 V → 12 V)

    Conventional Design

    • 25 V, 470 μF × 8 pcs (φ10 × 10.2 mm)

    ZV Series Proposal

    • 25 V, 330 μF × 5 pcs (φ10 × 10.2 mm)
    • Component count reduced by 38%
    • Maintains equivalent electrical performance thanks to low‑ESR characteristics

    obc

    3. Power Inductors: Panasonic’s Metal Composite (MC) Core Technology for High‑Current, Low‑EMI Mobility Systems

    Power inductors are central to every high‑efficiency power conversion stage found in electric vehicles, e‑bikes, AGVs, battery management systems, and compact industrial drives. As system voltages rise and switching frequencies increase, passive magnetic components must deliver higher current, lower EMI, and greater thermal stability—all within increasingly compact mechanical footprints.

    Panasonic’s proprietary Metal Composite (MC) Core inductors are engineered precisely for these next‑generation requirements. By combining advanced materials science with robust structural design, Panasonic creates inductors that offer exceptional current capability, low DC resistance, minimal magnetic flux leakage, and industry‑leading thermal performance, enabling designers to optimize power density without compromising reliability.

    3.1 Key Technical Challenges in Modern Mobility Designs

    As mobility platforms move toward higher power and higher switching frequencies, traditional ferrite-core inductors encounter several limitations. Panasonic’s MC-core technology directly addresses these challenges.

    EMI Mitigation & Magnetic Noise Reduction

    E‑bikes, AGVs, and compact EV systems employ fast-switching MOSFET/SiC power stages that generate high-frequency electromagnetic noise.
    Ferrite inductors typically exhibit high leakage flux, making compliance with EMC regulations more difficult.

    Panasonic MC inductors dramatically reduce radiated noise through a dense metal‑composite material structure that naturally suppresses flux leakage—greatly simplifying EMC countermeasures.

    Miniaturization Constraints

    As system voltages grow to 48–60 V and beyond, inductors must handle 5 A+ continuous currents without requiring larger, bulkier components.
    Ferrite cores saturate sharply, limiting their downsizing potential.

    MC-core inductors allow engineers to reduce size while supporting higher currents, maintaining stable inductance even during transient loads.

    Thermal Management & High‑Temperature Reliability

    In harsh automotive environments—near motors, inverters, or engine compartments—temperatures frequently exceed 100 °C.
    Heat causes drift in inductance, impacts efficiency, and accelerates component aging.

    Panasonic MC inductors deliver stable electrical performance from –55 °C to +170 °C, offering dependable reliability for automotive powertrains and outdoor AGVs.

    3.2 Panasonic’s Metal Composite (MC) Core Solution

    Panasonic’s MC inductors integrate a metal‑composite magnetic core that offers a unique combination of high current handling, low EMI, and stable inductance, enabling superior power‑conversion performance compared to ferrite-based competitors.

    Compact Size with Higher Current Capability

    A comparison of 22 μH inductors highlights how MC-core technology supports larger current ratings in significantly smaller form factors—ideal for space‑constrained BMS and drive-inverter boards.

    compact size with larger current

    Low-EMI Characteristics

    • MC-core inductors produce substantially lower magnetic flux leakage than ferrite types
    • Reduced leakage directly leads to lower radiated emissions
    • This makes it easier to meet automotive EMC standards and reduces the need for shielding materials

    lower EMI

    Inductance Stability Without Hard Saturation

    Conventional ferrite inductors experience abrupt inductance collapse under high current (hard saturation).
    Panasonic MC inductors maintain stable inductance across the full operating range.

    inductance stability

    Automotive-Grade Reliability

    • AEC‑Q200 compliant
    • Operating temperature: –55 °C to +170 °C
    • Vibration resistance up to 50 G
    • 80 V withstand voltage, providing wide margin for 48‑V class systems

    These attributes make Panasonic MC inductors ideal for EV powertrains, ADAS power modules, onboard chargers, and next‑generation mobility platforms.

    3.3 Applications in E‑Bike and AGV Power Systems

    Panasonic’s MC inductors deliver tangible design advantages in 48‑V Li‑ion battery ecosystems used across e‑bikes, AGVs, and compact mobility vehicles.

    Key Benefits for Next‑Generation 48‑V & 60‑V Systems

    1. Significant Space Savings in BMS Boards

      • MC inductors deliver equivalent performance with a 57% reduction in board footprint
      • Volume reduction up to 74% enables lighter and more compact BMS modules

    2. Simplified EMI Compliance

      • Low leakage flux reduces radiated noise, lowering the burden on EMI filters

    3. Thermal Robustness for Harsh Environments

      • Stable inductance under heat ensures consistent charge/discharge control

    4. High Saturation Current for Design Margin

      • Suitable for 48–60 V systems and even higher transient-load environments

    5. Optimized for SMD Integration

      • Low-profile surface-mount format supports highly integrated inverter/BMS layouts

    6. High-Voltage, High-Current Capability

      • Designed for next‑generation traction systems and power electronics

    E-bike

    AGV

    4. High‑Performance Chip Resistors: Precision, Power, and Reliability for Transportation Electronics

    As mobility platforms continue their shift toward electrification and digitalization, resistors play an increasingly critical role in enabling safe, precise, and power‑efficient operation. From high‑voltage battery management in EVs to precision sensing in e‑bikes and rugged AGV control circuitry, the demands placed on surface‑mount resistors have intensified dramatically.

    Panasonic’s resistor portfolio—including the ERJP, ERJB, ERJ*BW, ERA, and ERJU series—delivers unmatched performance across power density, precision, thermal stability, and environmental resistance.


    These components are designed specifically for harsh and space‑constrained applications common in modern transportation systems, making them ideal for engineers building next‑generation mobility solutions.

    4.1 Required Characteristics Across Transportation Circuits

    Different sections of transportation electronics require resistors with highly specialized characteristics. Panasonic offers tailored resistor families that address each circuit’s unique demands.

    Voltage Measurement

    Key Requirements:

    • High accuracy (±0.1%)
    • Low TCR (~25 ppm/K)
    • Long‑term stability against temperature cycling

    Technical Challenge:
    Accurate detection of small voltage fluctuations in EVs and BMS circuits is extremely sensitive to resistance drift, especially under harsh conditions from –40 °C to +125 °C.

    Recommended Panasonic Solution:

    Achieves high reliability through proprietary resistive material (±0.1% tolerance after durability testing)-ERA-A series

    Achieves high reliability through proprietary resistive material (±0.1% tolerance after durability testing)-ERA-A series

    Voltage Divider for High‑Voltage Battery Systems

    Key Requirements:

    • High voltage capability (up to 500 V)
    • Wide resistance range (~10 MΩ)
    • Compliance with creepage and clearance rules

    Technical Challenge:
    Traditional voltage dividers require multiple low‑voltage resistors in series, increasing PCB area, complicating layout, and impacting cost.

    Recommended Panasonic Solutions:

    *Remark: The actual reduction in the number of components depends on the creepage distance regulation

    Current Sensing (Traction Systems, Charging, Fuse Protection)

    Key Requirements:

    • Low resistance values
    • High power rating (1–3 W)
    • Stability under heat, vibration, and high current

    Technical Challenge:
    Current sensing applications face resistive drift and thermal stress, especially in EV traction inverters.

    Recommended Panasonic Solutions:

    • ERJB / ERJD (Wide Terminal Types)
    • ERJ*BW (Double‑Sided Resistive Element)

    These devices improve power handling, reduce hotspot formation, and allow PCB downsizing.

    Gate Drive Resistors

    Key Requirements:

    • High power (~3 W)
    • Strong thermal dissipation
    • Reliability during continuous switching

    Technical Challenge:
    Fast‑switching IGBT and MOSFET drivers experience constant surges and thermal load, demanding robust resistor structures.

    Recommended Panasonic Solutions:

    Environmental Reliability (Outdoor / Harsh Environments)

    Key Requirements:

    • Sulfur resistance
    • Moisture, vibration, and thermal durability

    Technical Challenge:
    Agricultural AGVs, industrial vehicles, and railway systems frequently encounter sulfur‑rich environments that cause sulfuration failures in standard resistors.

    Recommended Panasonic Solutions:

    4.2 Panasonic Solutions for Each Technical Challenge

    4.2.1 Precision Voltage Measurement — ERA Series

    Technical Challenge:
    BMS voltage accuracy can degrade due to resistance drift from temperature fluctuations and long‑term operation.

    Panasonic Solution:

    • ERA Series (Thin Film):
      • ±0.1% tolerance
      • ±25 ppm/K TCR
      • Stable under long‑term environmental stress
      • Excellent durability performance due to proprietary resistive materials

    Image: image_c67DrOiSie00ZhSdaFzMxQ==（insert here）

    4.2.2 High‑Voltage Voltage Divider — ERA8P & ERJPM8

    Technical Challenge:
    High‑voltage BMS circuits (300–500 V) traditionally require 10+ resistors in series, increasing PCB area and complicating creepage requirements.

    Panasonic Solution:

    • ERA8P / ERJPM8
      • 500 V limiting element voltage
      • ±0.1% tolerance, ±15 ppm/K (ERA8P)
      • AEC‑Q200 compliant
      • Reduces component count and PCB size significantly

    Component Reduction Example:

    • Conventional: 10 × 300 kΩ (0805), PCB area 40.25 mm²
    • Panasonic Proposal: 3 × 1 MΩ (1206), PCB area 21.15 mm²
      → 48% PCB area reduction

    application example voltage detection circuit for battery unit

    image

    image

    4.2.3 High‑Power Current Sensing — ERJB/D & ERJ*BW

    Technical Challenge:
    High currents generate heat and vibration stress that can cause drift and failure in standard resistors.

    Panasonic Solutions:
    ERJ*BW (Double‑Sided Resistive Element)

    • Low resistance down to 5 mΩ
    • Higher power density in compact package
    • Supports PCB downsizing

    double-sided resisive elements structure

    image

    ERJB/D (Wide Terminal)

    • Multiple resistive elements spread heat load
    • Lower hotspot temperature rise
    • Long terminal structure improves thermal shock resistance

    image

    Multiple resistive element structure distributes the load

    4.2.4 Gate Drive Solutions — ERJP / ERJB

    Technical Challenge:
    Gate drivers in EV traction inverters require resistors with strong surge endurance and power dissipation.

    Panasonic Solutions:

    • ERJP / ERJPA Series:
      • PCB miniaturization through downsizing
      • High surge resistance
      • Optimized structure for thermal stability

    An example of ERJPA series structure

    • ERJB/D Series:
      • Supports heavy load and power cycling
      • Matches gate‑drive reliability requirements

    4.2.5 Anti‑Sulfur Solutions — ERJU / ERJS

    Technical Challenge:
    Outdoor AGVs and agricultural vehicles often see sulfur‑rich gases that cause silver‑terminal sulfuration.

    Panasonic Solution:

    • ERJU / ERJS
      • Prevents sulfur‑related open circuits
      • Removes the need for board sealing
      • AEC‑Q200 compliant (–55 °C to +155 °C)
      • Multiple variations for high‑precision, high‑power, low‑resistance, and wide‑terminal needs

    image


    5. Recommended Panasonic Components by Application

    Panasonic offers a comprehensive lineup of passive components engineered to meet the stringent demands of transportation systems—ranging from high‑power e‑bike inverters to automotive BMS and harsh‑environment AGVs.
    This section provides application‑specific recommendations to help design engineers quickly select the ideal Panasonic components and seamlessly transition into purchasing decisions on platforms such as element14, Mouser, Digi‑Key, and DesignSpark.

    E‑Bike / AGV Drive Inverters (48 V–60 V, 500 W–6 kW)

    High‑power traction inverters in e‑bikes and AGVs require components that can withstand large ripple currents, deliver stable inductance, and provide accurate current sensing. Panasonic’s hybrid capacitors, metal‑composite inductors, and shunt resistors ensure safe, compact, and efficient inverter design.

    Recommended Panasonic Products

    • DC‑Link Capacitors:
      ZUU / ZVU / ZSU Series

      • High ripple‑current capability
      • Long operational life
      • Low‑profile options ideal for compact motor systems

    • Current‑Sensing Resistors:
      ERJD Series

      • ±100 ppm/K TCR performance
      • Low resistance values suitable for precise current monitoring
      • Nearly equivalent behavior to metal‑shunt resistors

    • Power Inductors:
      ETQP4M220KV* Series

      • Metal Composite (MC) core
      • High current capability with low EMI
      • Compact SMD package

    • High‑Precision Resistors:
      ERA‑V / ERA‑K / ERA‑P Series

      • Excellent accuracy for control circuits
      • Low TCR for stable operation in fluctuating temperatures

    Automotive BMS (12 V–48 V Systems)

    Battery Management Systems require high‑voltage precision resistors and long‑life capacitors capable of surviving elevated temperatures and high electrical stress. Panasonic’s products address these reliability and safety needs.

    Recommended Panasonic Products

    • DC‑Link Capacitors:
      ZUU / ZSU Series

      • Rated for 125 °C / 4000 h
      • Superior durability for long‑term EV battery environments

    • High‑Voltage Resistors:
      ERA8P / ERJPM8 Series

      • 500 V limiting element voltage
      • ±0.1% tolerance options
      • Ideal for voltage detection and cell balancing circuits

    • High‑Precision Resistors:
      ERAA, ERA‑V / ERA‑K Series

      • As low as 0.05% tolerance
      • ±10 to ±25 ppm/K TCR
      • Outstanding long‑term drift performance

    Automotive Power Electronics (EPS, OBC, Inverter)

    Systems like Electric Power Steering, On‑Board Chargers, and inverters require components with high surge tolerance, long life, and stable performance at high temperatures.

    Recommended Panasonic Products

    • DC‑Link Capacitors:
      ZUU / ZV Series

      • Maximum ripple‑current handling
      • Supports downsizing via reduced component count

    • Current‑Sensing Resistors:
      ERJD / ERJ*BW Series

      • Wide‑terminal and double‑sided resistive structures
      • Handle high power in compact formats
      • Improved heat spreading for reduced hotspots

    • High‑Voltage Resistors:
      ERA8P / ERJPM8 Series

      • 500 V rated
      • High precision for gate-drive and sensing circuits

    AGV and Outdoor / Harsh Environment Applications

    AGVs used in logistics, smart agriculture, and industrial settings operate in dusty, humid, and sulfur‑contaminated environments. Panasonic’s anti‑sulfur technology provides the necessary reliability for these conditions.

    Recommended Panasonic Products

    • Power Circuits:
      ERJU / ERJS Series + ZUU / ZSU Capacitors

      • Prevent sulfurization-related failures
      • Ensure long‑term electrical stability

    • Control Circuits:
      ERJU‑R Series (High‑Precision Anti‑Sulfur)

      • Ideal for sensor interfaces and microcontroller circuits

    • Current Sensing in Harsh Environments:
      ERJU‑S / ERJU‑Q Series

      • Low‑resistance anti‑sulfur resistors
      • Suitable for outdoor traction and power monitoring

    6. Summary

    Panasonic’s passive components play a defining role in advancing the next generation of transportation systems. As mobility continues its rapid transformation toward electrification, automation, and higher power density, engineers face a growing need for components that deliver reliability, efficiency, miniaturization, EMI stability, and long‑term durability—often under extreme environmental conditions.

    Hybrid capacitors, metal‑composite inductors, and automotive‑grade chip resistors from Panasonic provide precisely these performance attributes. Each technology line has been engineered to solve real design challenges: from reducing ripple and handling high current in traction inverters, to stabilizing inductance in high‑temperature environments, to ensuring precise voltage detection in EV battery systems, and resisting sulfur contamination in outdoor AGVs.

    These components are not just incremental improvements—they form the backbone of safe, efficient, high‑performance power electronics across EVs, e‑bikes, AGVs, railway applications, industrial equipment, and emerging mobility platforms.

    For designers working on modern transportation architecture, Panasonic offers a comprehensive, field‑proven portfolio of passive components that accelerate development, reduce risk, and support long‑term system reliability.
    Whether the goal is to reduce component count, improve thermal management, optimize EMI performance, or increase system lifetime, Panasonic provides the right solution.

    As electrified mobility continues to expand, Panasonic remains committed to driving innovation and delivering high‑value passive components that keep transportation systems safer, smarter, and more connected—now and into the future.

  • What Is a Domain Control Unit (DCU)?

    riyo@panasonic
    As the automotive industry accelerates toward higher‑level autonomous driving, the Domain Control Unit (DCU) has become a central element of next‑generation vehicle architecture. DCUs consolidate data from multiple sensors, make real‑time decisions, and coordinate critical control functions—requiring components that deliver high current capability, low loss, miniaturization, and excellent EMC robustness.
    This technical guide provides an engineer‑friendly explanation of DCU roles, system configurations, and design challenges—and showcases how Panasonic Industry components support reliable, high‑performance DCU development.
    If you're designing automotive ECUs, power modules, or sensing interfaces, this guide will help you choose optimal Panasonic devices for your next project.

    1. ADAS vs. AD: Why DCUs Are Increasing Rapidly

    Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) support the human driver, while Autonomous Driving (AD) shifts responsibility to the vehicle itself. According to SAE levels:
    • Level 0–2: Human‑driven with partial assistance
    • Level 3–5: Vehicle executes most or all driving tasks
    As vehicles progress into Level 3 and beyond, the sensor count and data throughput grow dramatically. This makes centralized processing, fast communication, and robust power management more critical—hence the rapid adoption of DCUs.
    Level Name Driven by Driving area Remarks
    0 No driving automation Human driver － The human performs all driving tasks
    1 Driving assistance Human driver Limited Provides driving assistance in part through tasks such as monitoring the vehicle's perimeter
    2 Partial driving automation Human driver Limited "Hands off" - Automates driving under specific conditions
    3 Conditional driving automation Vehicle Limited "Eyes off" - Automates driving under specific conditions
    4 Advanced driving automation Vehicle Limited "Brain off" - Automates driving under specific conditions
    5 Full driving automation Vehicle No limitations The vehicle performs all driving tasks under all conditions

    Table 1 Definition of autonomous driving by level

    2. Core System Blocks Required for ADAS / AD

    A complete sensing‑to‑control chain typically includes:

    Sensor ECU

    Cameras, RADAR, LiDAR, and ultrasonic sensors gather environmental data.

    Main ECU / DCU

    Performs high‑speed data fusion, perception, and decision‑making.

    Actuator ECU

    Controls braking, steering, powertrain, and other vehicle dynamics.
    A DCU sits at the heart of this system, enabling seamless communication between domains and ensuring reliable autonomous operation.
    Figure 1 Overall system flow (from sensing to operation)
    Figure 1 Overall system flow (from sensing to operation)

    3. Domain vs. Zone Architecture—Where DCUs Fit

    As OEMs evolve their E/E architectures, two major approaches are used:

    Domain Type (Distributed)

    • Each function (ADAS/AD, powertrain, body, cockpit, etc.) has its own DCU
    • Processing is performed inside each domain
    • Domains communicate via gateway ECUs
    Ideal for: Level 2 and Level 2+ applications

    Zone Type (Centralized)

    • ECUs grouped by vehicle location (front, rear, cabin)
    • A central computer consolidates all zone‑level inputs
    • Supports massive data throughput and high compute requirements
    Ideal for: Level 3–5 and next‑generation EV platforms
    image
    Configuration Connection Network
    Domain type Consolidates domain-specific ECUs for each category (domain)
    All domains are connected via the Gateway
    Data processing is performed in each domain-specific ECU    		 Common network standards are used for communication between sensors and domains
    Common network standards are used for communication between the domains and Gateway
    Zone type Consolidates ECUs of different categories in each zone such as the front and rear of the vehicle
    Consolidates data from each zone to the Central Computer
    Integrates and concentrates data processing in the Central Computer    		 There is a mixture of different network standards for communication between sensors and zones
    Common network standards are used for communication between the zones and Central Computer

    4. What Exactly Does a DCU Do?

    A DCU integrates multiple functions:
    • High‑speed communication with sensors and other ECUs
    • Data fusion and environment recognition using SoCs and dedicated processors
    • Memory management (Flash, DDR) for algorithms and sensor data
    • Power management through multiple isolated DC/DC converters
    • Command execution to actuators and cooperating domains
    This makes DCUs one of the most component‑dense areas in modern automotive electronics.

    5. Component Requirements for High‑Performance DCUs

    DCUs demand components with:
    • High current tolerance for heavy processing loads
    • Low loss to minimize thermal buildup
    • High‑frequency capability for switching and communication
    • Miniaturization for dense board layouts
    • Highly stable voltage characteristics
    Panasonic Industry specifically develops components aimed at fulfilling these stringent requirements.

    6. Inside the DCU: Key Circuits and Recommended Components

    6‑1: High‑Speed Transceiver Interfaces (CAN, Ethernet, LVDS)

    During communication, DCUs are exposed to ESD surges and noise. To protect transceiver ICs and maintain signal quality, Panasonic offers:

    ① Chip Varistors

    • Wide capacitance range (8–250 pF)
    • Ideal for low‑ to mid‑speed communication lines

    ② ESD Suppressors

    • Ultra‑low capacitance (0.1 pF)
    • Perfect for high‑speed interfaces such as automotive Ethernet
    Arrow forward Explore products:

    Figure 4 Components used in a transceiver IF

    Figure 4 Components used in a transceiver IF

    6‑2: Power Delivery—DC/DC Converter Architectures

    DCUs require multiple supply rails to power SoCs, memory, MCUs, and transceivers. Panasonic components are essential for each converter block.
    Figure 3 DCU system configuration
    Figure 3 DCU system configuration

    Three DC/DC Converter Types

    Type Typical Use Characteristics
    A (Multiphase) SoCs / FPGAs Very high current, polymer capacitors + MLCCs
    B DDR memory High ripple current, large‑capacitance smoothing
    C General rails Standard DC/DC topology

    Key Panasonic Components for DC/DC Converters

    ① Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

    • High capacitance, low ESR
    • Excellent high‑frequency performance for noise suppression
    • Supports miniaturization and high‑current operation
    Arrow forward Farnell® UK
    Figure 5 DC/DC converter circuit configurations by load type
    Figure 5 DC/DC converter circuit configurations by load type
    Figure 6 Components used in a DC/DC converter
    Figure 6 Components used in a DC/DC converter

    ② Automotive Power Inductors

    • Low loss thanks to metallic magnetic materials
    • High current capability
    • Optimized for high‑frequency switching
    Arrow forwardETQP Inductors | Farnell® UK

    ③ High‑Precision Chip Resistors

    • Low TCR and low resistance tolerance
    • Suitable for voltage sensing feedback loops in converters
    Arrow forward ± 0.05% PANASONIC Chip SMD Resistors | Farnell® UK

    7. Summary: Panasonic Components Accelerate DCU Innovation

    As autonomous driving advances, DCUs must handle increasing data loads, higher currents, and tighter power requirements. Panasonic Industry provides an extensive lineup of components engineered specifically for these challenges:
    Component Type Key Features
    Conductive Polymer Hybrid Capacitors Low ESR, high ripple tolerance
    Automotive Power Inductors High current, low loss
    High‑Precision Chip Resistors High accuracy, high thermal reliability
    Chip Varistors ESD protection for various communication speeds
    ESD Suppressors Ultra‑low capacitance for high‑speed lines
    These components support miniaturization, efficiency, reliability, and high‑speed performance—all essential for next‑generation DCU design.

    Ready to Start Your DCU Design?

    If you're developing automotive ECUs, ADAS platforms, or central computing modules, explore Panasonic components on Farnell:
    • Panasonic's advanced passive components can help you enhance reliability, reduce board size, and meet the strict demands of modern autonomous driving systems.
  • Cameras Used in ADAS and Autonomous Driving Systems

    Cameras Used in ADAS and Autonomous Driving Systems

    riyo@panasonic

    1. What Types of Cameras Are Used in ADAS and AD Systems?

    Automotive cameras are essential sensing devices that help vehicles interpret their surroundings. In both Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Autonomous Driving (AD), cameras work alongside radar, LiDAR, and ultrasonic sensors to build a multi‑directional understanding of the environment.
    Modern vehicles typically integrate three primary camera categories:

    • Sensing Cameras (Forward‑Facing)

    Mounted near the top of the windshield, these cameras monitor a wide forward area to support key safety functions such as lane keeping, lane changing, traffic sign detection, and automatic emergency braking.

    • Surround View Cameras

    Installed at the front, rear, and both sides of the vehicle body, these cameras capture near‑range images to create a 360° view. They support parking assist and low‑speed maneuvering.

    • Driver Monitoring Cameras

    Positioned near the instrument cluster, these cameras track the driver’s condition, including eye closure, gaze direction, and signs of drowsiness or inattention.
    Each camera type serves different operational goals, yet all contribute to safer, more automated driving experiences.
    Mounting location and function of each camera

    2. Uses and Functions of Each Camera Type

    Different ADAS/AD features depend on specific camera modules. Below is an overview of their major applications:

    Sensing Cameras

    Used for decision‑making and control actions:
    • Lane Keep Assist (LKA)
    • Lane Change Assist (LCA)
    • Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB)
    • Forward collision avoidance
    • Traffic sign recognition
    These cameras play a central role in higher‑level AD systems where precise object detection and classification are essential.

    Surround View Cameras

    Primarily used for:
    • Parking assistance
    • Close‑range obstacle detection
    • Surround visualization in the cockpit display
    These cameras help drivers—and autonomous systems—understand vehicle positioning in tight spaces.

    Driver Monitoring Cameras (DMS)

    Used for:
    • Assessing the driver’s alertness
    • Detecting fatigue or inattention
    • Monitoring head pose and gaze direction
    As global regulations evolve, DMS is becoming mandatory in many markets.
    Examples of the function and use of each camera

    3. Internal Configuration of Automotive Cameras

    Although sensing, surround view, and driver monitoring cameras differ in purpose, their internal architectures share common building blocks.

    Sensing Cameras & Driver Monitoring Cameras

    These modules typically include:
    • Image Sensor – Converts incoming light into electrical signals.
    • SoC (System-on-Chip) – Performs image analysis, object recognition, and high-speed processing.
    • MCU – Issues control commands to external ECUs.
    • Transceiver – Handles data communication with ADAS/AD ECUs.
    • DDR Memory – Provides high‑speed data buffering.
    • Flash Memory – Stores firmware and calibration data.

    Surround View Cameras

    This type uses multiple image sensors, each positioned around the vehicle.
    Captured images are transferred to a Surround View ECU, where an FPGA or high‑performance SoC synthesizes them into a single omnidirectional view.
    Because of the volume of image data involved, communication bandwidth and processing speed are especially critical.

    Internal configuration of each camera

    4. Market Trends and Camera Module Requirements

    With increasing vehicle production and the rapid evolution of autonomous driving, camera units are expected to grow in both quantity and capability.
    Future camera modules are increasingly driven by three major performance demands:

    4.1 Higher Power Capability

    • Rising image sensor resolutions
    • Higher dynamic range performance
    • More advanced SoCs requiring substantial computational power
    These factors raise internal losses and thermal loads, demanding high‑current, low‑loss components.

    4.2 Higher‑Speed Data Transmission

    As image data volumes grow, communication interfaces require:
    • High‑frequency performance
    • Low‑parasitic components
    • High‑speed EMI/ESD protection
    Automotive Ethernet and other high‑rate protocols rely heavily on robust passive components.

    4.3 Miniaturization and Weight Reduction

    Compact camera modules reduce vehicle weight, simplify mounting, and enhance design flexibility.
    Achieving this requires smaller yet more capable capacitors, inductors, and resistors.

    5. Circuit Configuration of Each Camera Module

    The following components constitute the core circuitry of sensing and driver monitoring cameras:

    • Image Sensor

    Captures visual data and converts light into electrical signals.

    • SoC

    Processes images, performs recognition algorithms, and generates control outputs.

    • MCU

    Handles operational commands and coordinates with system‑level ECUs.

    • Transceiver (High‑ and Low‑Speed)

    Supports communication with other vehicle systems.

    • DDR Memory

    Acts as a buffer for real‑time image processing.

    • Flash Memory

    Stores firmware, system configuration, and calibration parameters.

    • DC/DC Converters

    Provide regulated voltages for image sensors, memory, SoCs, and communication ICs.
    These power stages must address noise suppression, fast transient response, and minimal ripple to prevent image degradation.
    System configuration of a sensing camera and a driver monitoring camera

    Surround view camera

    A camera ECU and surround view ECU are used to make up a surround view camera. Unlike other types of camera modules, multiple camera units are mounted on a vehicle to make up the surround view camera. Therefore, transceiver circuits must communicate larger amounts of data. An FPGA is used to integrate the acquired image data into one, where image processing is performed at high speed.

    Other configurations are the same as those of sensing cameras and driver monitoring cameras.

    Surround view camera system configuration

    6. Specific Component Examples and Their Applications

    Both DC/DC converter circuits and transceiver interfaces rely heavily on high‑performance passive components. Panasonic’s automotive‑grade devices play key roles in achieving reliable and compact designs.

    6.1 DC/DC Converter Components

    DC/DC converters commonly integrate:

    Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

    Ideal for:
    • Noise reduction
    • Smoothing output ripple
    • High‑frequency filtering
    Key benefits:
    • High capacitance with low ESR
    • Excellent ripple current handling
    • Stable performance across wide frequencies

    Automotive Power Inductors

    Used for:
    • Efficient voltage conversion
    • High‑current power stages
    Key benefits:
    • Metal composite materials for low core loss
    • Excellent current handling
    • Reduced AC resistance at high switching frequencies

    High‑Precision Chip Resistors

    Used for:
    • Voltage measurement and sensing
    • Feedback control accuracy
    Key benefits:
    • Thin‑film structures with low temperature coefficients
    • Accurate resistance values for stable regulation

    Components used in a DC/DC converter

    Components used in a DC/DC converter

    6.2 Transceiver Interface Components

    Transceiver circuits often face ESD and EMI challenges because they interact directly with external communication lines.

    Chip Varistors

    Used for:
    • ESD suppression
    • Noise filtering on CAN, Ethernet, and LVDS lines
    Key benefits:
    • Wide capacitance range (suitable for various speeds)
    • Effective noise absorption without harming signal quality

    ESD Suppressors

    Used for:
    • Protecting high‑speed interfaces
    • Ensuring signal integrity in fast communication links
    Key benefits:
    • Ultra‑low capacitance (~0.1 pF range)
    • Ideal for high‑speed automotive Ethernet
    Panasonic’s protective components provide robust safeguarding for critical transceiver ICs.
    Components used in a transceiver IF
    Components used in a transceiver IF
    Components used in a transceiver IF

    7. Panasonic Product Lineup and Key Advantages

    As camera systems advance, automotive components must deliver:
    • High current capability
    • Low loss and reduced heat generation
    • High‑frequency operation
    • Compact size
    • Long‑term reliability
    • Precision measurement capability
    Panasonic Industry provides a wide portfolio tailored to these demanding requirements:

    • Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors

    • Low ESR, high ripple durability
    • Ideal for miniaturized high‑current designs

    • Automotive Power Inductors

    • Low loss at high frequencies
    • Stable performance for compact power stages

    • High‑Precision Chip Resistors

    • Tight tolerance, high heat resistance

    • Chip Varistors

    • Wide capacitance options for CAN to Ethernet

    • ESD Suppressors

    • Ultra‑low capacitance for high‑speed digital lines
    These components are readily available through Farnell, enabling engineers to design robust, next‑generation ADAS camera modules.
  • LiDAR Technology in Autonomous Driving: A Practical Guide to Key Components

    LiDAR Technology in Autonomous Driving: A Practical Guide to Key Components

    riyo@panasonic

    1. What Is LiDAR?

    LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a sensing technology that measures the distance to objects by emitting laser pulses and capturing the reflected light. The combination of emission direction and time‑of‑flight enables the generation of a high‑resolution 3D point cloud, which is widely used in ADAS and autonomous driving systems. As vehicle automation advances, the adoption of LiDAR is expected to grow steadily. 

    Optical element Optical axis varying method Type Scanning
    LD, PD Mechanical method Rotation by a motor A number of LDs and PDs are rotated by a motor to scan the whole area.
    Polygon mirror Respective optical axes of a single LD and a single PD are varied by a polygon mirror in scanning.
    Non-mechanical method (solid-state) MEMS mirror Respective optical axes of a single LD and a single PD are varied by a MEMS mirror in scanning.
    Phased array Respective optical axes of a single LD and a single PD are varied by a waveguide in scanning.
    Flash Light from a light source, such as an LED, is emitted over a wide area, and reflected light is collectively scanned by an array of PDs.

    2. How LiDAR Measures Distance and Recognizes Objects

    Distance Measurement

    • A laser diode emits a pulse toward an object.
    • A photodiode receives the reflected light.
    • The distance is determined from the time between emission and reception.

    Object Recognition

    By repeatedly scanning in multiple directions, LiDAR creates a point cloud.
    This data is used to:

    • Identify obstacles
    • Build dynamic 3D maps
    • Estimate and correct the vehicle’s position in real time 

    3. Market Trends and Technical Requirements

    As autonomous driving levels increase, LiDAR systems must meet three key requirements:

    Requirement Reason
    Higher power Higher‑resolution sensing increases CPU load and power demands.
    Faster communication High‑frequency and high‑speed data transfer is essential to process large point clouds.
    Smaller size & lighter weight Vehicles incorporate more sensors, requiring miniaturized components.

    4. LiDAR System Overview

    A LiDAR unit typically consists of:

    • Laser Diode (LD): Emits high‑speed laser pulses
    • Photodiode (PD): Converts received light into electrical signals
    • Amplifier for the PD output
    • FPGA: Handles high‑speed data processing
    • MCU: Controls system operation
    • Transceiver: CAN/Ethernet communication
    • DDR & Flash Memory
    • DC/DC Converters: Provide necessary voltage rails

    Overall configuration of the LiDAR system

    5. Key Circuits and Recommended Components 

    5‑1. DC/DC Converter Circuit

    High‑performance LiDAR requires stable, low‑noise power.

    Recommended Components

    Function Component Key Features
    Noise filtering & smoothing Conductive polymer hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitor Low ESR, high ripple tolerance, excellent high‑frequency behavior
    Voltage conversion Automotive power inductor High current capability, low loss, low ACR
    Voltage measurement High‑precision chip resistor Low resistance tolerance, low TCR for accurate control

    Components used in the DC/DC converter

    5‑2. Transceiver Interface (CAN / Ethernet)

    Because communication lines are exposed to ESD, protection devices are critical.

    Recommended Components

    Key points:

    • Chip varistors cover a wide capacitance range (8–250 pF) for low → high‑speed communication
    • ESD suppressors (0.1 pF) are optimal for high‑speed interfaces

    Components used in the transceiver IF

    5‑3. Photodiode Light‑Receiving Circuit

    Reflected laser light is weak and must be amplified with high precision.

    Recommended Components

    Why they matter:

    • Low‑TCR thin‑film resistors ensure stable gain
    • High‑reliability thermistors maintain accurate sensing across temperatures

    Components used in the photodiode light-receiving circuit

    5‑4. Laser Diode Irradiation Circuit

    A GaN FET is typically used to deliver high‑speed, high‑power pulses.

    Recommended Components

    Key advantage:

    • Original resistance pattern and electrode design support high‑power switching while enabling device miniaturization

    Components used in the laser diode irradiation circuit

    6. Conclusion

    As autonomous vehicles adopt more LiDAR units, the demand for electronic components offering:

    • Low loss
    • High current capability
    • High‑frequency performance
    • Compact size & high reliability

    will continue to grow. Panasonic Industry offers a broad portfolio—including hybrid capacitors, automotive inductors, high‑precision resistors, varistors, ESD suppressors, and thermistors—that aligns well with these requirements. 

    Component Feature Large current Low loss High frequency Small size High precision
    Conductive polymer hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitor Low ESR
    High reliability    		 Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Automotive power inductor Large current, low loss
    High reliability    		 Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    		High precision, high resistance to heat Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Chip varistor Small and light Heavy check mark
    ESD suppressor Low capacitance
    Ultrafast data I/F    		 Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    NTC thermistor (chip type) Small, high resistance to heat Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
  • Why Terminal‑Temperature‑Based Ratings Matter in Modern Electronics Design

    Why Terminal‑Temperature‑Based Ratings Matter in Modern Electronics Design

    riyo@panasonic

    A Practical Guide to Panasonic Industry Chip Resistors

    As electronic devices continue to shrink while delivering ever-greater performance, thermal design has become one of the most critical—and often underestimated—challenges in circuit development. Highly integrated ICs and densely packed surface‑mount components generate more heat than ever before, placing new demands on designers tasked with ensuring long‑term reliability.
    To address these challenges, Panasonic Industry promotes a design approach that is rapidly becoming essential in advanced PCB development: terminal‑temperature‑based power rating. This technique provides far more accurate guidance than traditional ambient‑temperature‑based ratings—especially for today’s compact SMD resistors.
    In this article, we explain why terminal temperature matters, how to measure it correctly, how international standards (including JEITA) are evolving, and how Panasonic’s chip resistors can help ensure reliable, thermally sound circuit performance.

    1. From Leaded Components to SMD: Why Thermal Behavior Has Changed

    Historically, through‑hole (leaded) resistors dissipated most of their heat—up to 90%—directly into the surrounding air. Their rated power was therefore determined with ambient temperature as the reference point.
    Today’s electronics, however, rely heavily on surface‑mount resistors, which behave very differently:

    Leaded Resistors

    • Large surface area → excellent heat dissipation through convection and radiation
    • Minimal heat transfer to the PCB
    • Ambient temperature is the dominant variable

    Image of heat release by different types of components

    Heat effect image of resistor with leads

    • With thin and long lead terminals, the component conducts (releases) a small amount of heat to the mounting board.
    • The large surface area of the component allows for great convection, radiation, and dissipation of heat.

    Surface‑Mount Chip Resistors

    • Very small surface area → limited convection and radiation
    • Large solder‑pad contact area → significant heat conduction into the PCB
    • Strongly affected by neighboring components’ heat
    Because SMD resistors experience heat not only from their own power dissipation but also from the board, relying solely on ambient temperature can lead to significant errors in power‑rating calculations.
    Surface-mounted component
    Heat effect image of surface-mounted component
    • Having connection terminals with a large contact area, the component conducts (releases) a large amount of heat to the mounting board.
    • The small surface area of the component lessens the ability of convection, radiation, and dissipation of heat.

    2. Why Terminal‑Temperature‑Based Specification Is Becoming Essential

    To solve this mismatch, manufacturers—including Panasonic Industry—have adopted a more precise method: measuring power rating based on terminal temperature rather than ambient air temperature.
    This approach allows engineers to:
    • Quantify the exact thermal load applied to a resistor during operation
    • Reduce design uncertainty caused by complex heat flow within a dense PCB
    • Improve prediction accuracy for component lifetime and failure risk
    The trend has grown strong enough that industry organizations such as JEITA have begun issuing study reports and guidance documents, including RCR‑2114: Study for the derating curve of fixed surface‑mount resistors, which Panasonic follows when defining its product specifications.
    Conceptual diagram

    3. Measuring Terminal Temperature: Methods and Key Considerations

    Terminal temperature can be measured using two common tools:
    Method Advantages Limitations
    Thermocouple High accuracy, direct measurement Requires physical contact; heat conduction through wires may distort readings
    Infrared thermography Contactless, easy to use, wide temperature range Cannot measure through glass; requires high surface emissivity (may need black coating)
    Because many practical evaluations occur at the prototype stage and involve very small components, thermocouples are the most commonly used tool.

    3.1 Choosing the Right Thermocouple

    Thermocouples vary in heat conductivity and measurement characteristics:
    • K‑type
      Ideal for chip resistors due to low heat conductivity and minimal thermal interference.
    • T‑type
      Highly accurate but conducts heat more easily, which can artificially lower the reading on small components.
    For reliable results, selecting a thermocouple with thin wires and low thermal mass is essential.

    3.2 How to Prepare and Attach a Thermocouple Correctly

    To ensure accurate readings:
    1. Properly weld the wire tips
      • Twisting or soldering the wires together is not enough
      • Use spot‑welding to form a small, stable junction
    2. Avoid oversized or crossed wire tips
      • An oversized joint or a stray wire can act as a heat sink
      • This causes temperature readings to fluctuate or drop artificially
    3. Attach precisely to the center of the solder fillet
      • Placing the junction near the edge or outside of the fillet compromises accuracy
      • The thermocouple must be exactly at the intended thermal reference point
    Panasonic’s evaluation examples emphasize correct positioning, as shown in their measurement diagrams.

    3.3 Sources of Measurement Error

    Even when the thermocouple is attached correctly, two main factors may introduce errors:
    1. Lot‑to‑lot inconsistency in the thermocouple’s electromotive characteristics
    2. Voltage measurement error in the data logger (channel‑to‑channel variation)
    Engineers should always account for these factors when interpreting measurement results.
    Use of the thermocouple

    4. Selecting Components Based on Terminal‑Temperature Rating

    Panasonic Industry provides both ambient‑temperature‑based and terminal‑temperature‑based ratings in many resistor datasheets. A sample from the ERJPA3 (0603) series illustrates how both specifications coexist:

    Ambient‑Temperature‑Based Derating Example

    • 105 °C → 100% rated power
    • 135 °C → 40% rated power

    Terminal‑Temperature‑Based Derating Example

    • 130 °C → 100% rated power
    • 135 °C → 80% rated power
    In cases where both ratings are listed and the design environment is complex (high density, high heat flow), Panasonic recommends prioritizing the terminal‑temperature‑based rating for greater design accuracy.
    ERJPA3 series catalog (which shows product specifications as of April 2023)
    ambient-temperature-based specification derating curve
    terminal-temperature-based specification derating curve

    5. Why This Matters for Today’s Designers

    As electronics continue to evolve toward higher power density and smaller footprints, thermal reliability becomes a determining factor in product lifespan and performance. Terminal temperature offers a more reliable metric than ambient conditions, especially for SMD resistors mounted on densely populated PCBs.
    Key takeaways:
    • SMD resistors experience significantly more board‑influenced heating than leaded components
    • Terminal‑temperature‑based rating produces more accurate real‑world load calculations
    • Using the correct thermocouple and attachment technique is critical to obtaining reliable data
    • Panasonic Industry provides clear, JEITA‑aligned specifications to support accurate thermal design

    Explore Panasonic Chip Resistors on Farnell

    Panasonic Industry offers a broad lineup of high‑reliability chip resistors engineered for stable performance under demanding thermal conditions. 
    Point right Browse Panasonic chip resistors on Element14
    By integrating terminal‑temperature‑based evaluation into your workflow, you’ll achieve more robust circuit designs—and selecting Panasonic’s thermally optimized resistors will help ensure your products perform reliably in even the most demanding applications.
  • Advancing Electrolytic Capacitor Technology: Achieving Ultra-Low ESR for High Reliability Applications

    Advancing Electrolytic Capacitor Technology: Achieving Ultra-Low ESR for High Reliability Applications

    riyo@panasonic

    1. Introduction

    Electrolytic capacitors remain a trusted choice for engineers due to their high ripple current capability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness.
    However, as power electronics evolve—especially in automotive and industrial sectors—the demand for low ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) has become critical for efficiency and stability.

    The equivalent circuit of a capacitor is made up of four apperently simple elements

    2. What is ESR and Why Does It Matter?

    ESR represents the resistive component within a capacitor’s equivalent circuit. It influences:

    • Power efficiency: High ESR increases losses and heat generation.
    • Ripple voltage: Low ESR ensures cleaner, stable power for microprocessors.
    • System reliability: Lower ESR extends capacitor life and improves control loop stability.

    3. Advantages of Low ESR Capacitors

    • Reduced ripple voltage for stable power delivery.
    • Enhanced energy efficiency and compliance with global standards (ENERGY STAR, EU Code of Conduct).
    • Longer operational life due to minimized internal heating.

    4. Panasonic’s Low ESR Solutions

    Panasonic offers one of the industry’s most comprehensive portfolios of low ESR electrolytic capacitors, available in THT (Through-Hole) and SMD (Surface-Mount) configurations.

    4.1 THT Series Highlights

    • FR Series: Ultra-low impedance (as low as 12 mΩ at 100 kHz, 20°C), 10,000-hour life at 105°C.
    • TP Series: High-temperature endurance up to 135°C for 2,000 hours.
    • EE Series: Exceptional ripple current capability, ideal for high-voltage applications.

    Electrolytic Capacitors THT Series Overview

    4.2 SMD Series Highlights

    • FK Series: Broad offering for miniaturized designs, low ESR ideal for high-efficiency systems.
    • FT Series/ FP Series: ESR values down to 60 mΩ in compact packages.
    • TCU Series: Automotive-grade, AEC-Q200 qualified, vibration-proof options available.
    Figure 3 Electrolytic Capacitors SMD Series Overview

    5. Automotive and Industrial Applications

    • Automotive ECUs: High ripple current handling for DC/DC converters.
    • Industrial Power Supplies: Stable filtering under harsh conditions.
    • Driverless Car Systems: High-temperature and vibration-proof designs for safety-critical electronics.

    6. Why Choose Panasonic?

    • Extensive product range for diverse applications.
    • Proven reliability under real-world conditions.
    • Compliance with AEC-Q200 and global efficiency standards.

    Explore Panasonic’s full range of low ESR electrolytic capacitors on Element14
  • Radar in ADAS and Autonomous Driving Systems: Why It Matters and How Panasonic Powers It

    Radar in ADAS and Autonomous Driving Systems: Why It Matters and How Panasonic Powers It

    riyo@panasonic

    Radar: The Backbone of Advanced Driver Assistance

    Radar technology is a critical sensing solution for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Autonomous Driving (AD). By using millimeter-wave radio signals, radar detects objects and obstacles around a vehicle—even in challenging conditions like rain or fog. This capability makes radar indispensable for safe and reliable driving.

    How Radar Works

    Radar measures distance by emitting radio waves and analyzing the time it takes for the reflected signal to return. Common automotive radar frequencies include 24 GHz, 77 GHz, and 79 GHz, with 79 GHz expected to dominate due to its superior resolution.
    Unlike cameras or LiDAR, radar performs well in poor visibility. Cameras excel at color and shape recognition but struggle in bad weather, while LiDAR offers high-resolution 3D imaging but loses accuracy in rain or snow. Radar complements these sensors, creating a robust multi-sensor system for enhanced safety.

    Market Trends: Why Radar Demand Is Rising

    With the rise of autonomous vehicles and mandatory safety features like automatic braking, radar adoption is accelerating. Higher frequencies improve detection accuracy but also increase data processing loads, creating new challenges for electronic components.
    Future radar systems demand:
    • High Power: To handle increased processing loads.
    • Heat Resistance: Preventing performance degradation in compact designs.
    • Compact Size & Lightweight: Essential for modern automotive architectures.

    Inside a Radar System: Key Components

    A radar unit consists of:
    • High-Frequency RF Circuit: Handles millimeter-wave transmission and reception.
    • Antennas: For signal transmission and reception.
    • MCU (Microcontroller): Controls radar operations.
    • Transceiver: Interfaces with external systems via CAN or Ethernet.
    • DC/DC Converter: Regulates voltage for each component.

    Overall configuration of the radar system

    Panasonic Solutions for Radar Systems

    Panasonic offers cutting-edge components designed for automotive radar applications:

    DC/DC Converter Components

    • Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
      • High capacitance, low ESR, excellent ripple suppression.
      • Ideal for noise filtering and voltage smoothing.
        Explore Capacitors →
    • Automotive Power Inductors
    • High-Precision Chip Resistors

    Components used in the DC/DC converter

    Transceiver Interface Protection

    • Chip Varistors & ESD Suppressors
      • Protect against electrostatic discharge and noise without compromising signal integrity.

    Components used in the transceiver IF

    Why Choose Panasonic for Radar Applications?

    Panasonic components deliver:
    • High Current Handling
    • Low Loss Performance
    • Compact Size
    • High Precision
    • Reliability in Harsh Conditions
    As radar technology evolves, Panasonic continues to provide solutions that meet the demands of next-generation ADAS and autonomous driving systems.

    Panasonic Components for Radar Systems

    Panasonic offers a wide range of components optimized for radar applications:
    Component Features Large Current Low Loss Compact

    Small Size

    		 High Precision
    Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Low ESR, High Reliability Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Automotive Power Inductors High Current, Low Loss Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    High-Precision & High-Power Chip Resistors High Accuracy, Heat Resistance Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Chip Varistors Compact, Lightweight Heavy check mark

    Ready to Design Your Radar System?

    Discover Panasonic’s full lineup of automotive components for radar applications on Panasonic Industry.
    Empower your ADAS design with components engineered for performance and safety.
  • What is an On-Board Charger (OBC) in Electric Vehicles?

    What is an On-Board Charger (OBC) in Electric Vehicles?

    riyo@panasonic

    — Panasonic’s High-Efficiency AC/DC Conversion System for Faster EV Charging —

    As electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) become increasingly common, the demand for faster and more efficient battery charging grows. At the heart of this process is the On-Board Charger (OBC) — a critical system that converts AC power from charging stations into DC power suitable for vehicle batteries.
    In this article, we’ll explore the role of OBCs, their system architecture, and the Panasonic components that enable high-performance, compact, and reliable charging solutions.

    Electric plug What Does an On-Board Charger (OBC) Do?

    An OBC is a power conversion system installed in EVs and PHEVs. It transforms AC power from residential or public charging stations into DC power required by the vehicle’s battery. Most OBCs operate in the 3.6kW to 22kW range, depending on regional standards and vehicle specifications.

    Zap Types of EV Charging

    ・Normal charging
    In normal charging, the battery is charged to full. The battery of an EV is charged with AC voltage from a private residents' charging equipment or a public charging station. Generally, charging the battery fully takes about eight hours. In the case of normal charging, the OBC incorporated in the vehicle converts AC voltage into DC voltage applicable to the vehicle battery.

    ・Quick charging
    Quick charging is charging to refill the battery in a short time. In quick charging, the charging station supplies DC voltage corresponding to the battery voltage, charging up the vehicle battery in a short time by quickly feeding the battery with large power. Quick charging, in general, takes about 30 minutes to 1 hour to finish, depending on the battery capacity. You will find those chargers for EVs in a lot of expressway rest areas, commercial establishments, etc.

    Charging Type Power Source Location OBC Usage Charging Time Purpose
    Normal Charging AC (200V/400V) Home, Office Converts AC to DC ~8 hours Full battery charge
    Fast Charging DC (direct output) Highways, Commercial Facilities Not used ~30–60 minutes Quick top-up
    Normal charging relies on the OBC to convert AC to DC, while fast charging bypasses the OBC by supplying DC directly to the battery.

    Battery Battery Capacity & OBC Output

    Battery capacity varies by vehicle type (compact, SUV, sports car). OBC output is designed to fully charge the battery within approximately 8 hours, with regional variations in specifications.

    Chart with upwards trend Market Trends & Component Requirements

    As EV adoption accelerates, OBCs must evolve to support:
    • Higher output power
    • Faster charging times
    • Smaller battery sizes
    To meet these demands, electronic components must offer:
    • High voltage tolerance
    • Large current capacity
    • Low power loss
    • High heat resistance
    • Compact design

    OBC System Architecture

    The OBC system consists of multiple circuits:
    1. Voltage Measurement (Input/Output) – Controls conversion accuracy using high-precision chip resistors.
    2. Noise Filters (Input/Output) – Suppress external and internal noise using automotive-grade film capacitors.
    3. Full-Wave Rectifier & PFC Circuit – Converts AC to DC and improves efficiency using capacitors and inductors.
    4. Voltage Conversion Circuit – Uses transformers and switching elements with noise-suppressing resistors.
    5. DC/DC Converter – Powers control circuits using hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitors and power inductors.
    6. Communication Interface – Protects transceiver ICs from ESD using chip varistors.

    Overall configuration of the OBS system

    Wrench Panasonic Components for OBC Systems

    Panasonic offers a wide range of components optimized for OBC applications:
    Component Features High Voltage High Current Low Loss Compact Heat Resistant High Precision
    Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Low ESR, High Reliability Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Automotive Power Inductors High Current, Low Loss Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    High-Precision & High-Power Chip Resistors High Accuracy, Heat Resistance Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark Heavy check mark
    Chip Varistors Compact, Lightweight Heavy check mark
    Automotive Film Capacitors High Reliability Heavy check mark Heavy check mark

    These components are designed to meet the evolving needs of EV charging systems, ensuring safety, efficiency, and scalability.

    Shopping cart Explore Panasonic’s OBC Solutions

    Panasonic’s advanced electronic components are engineered to support the next generation of EVs. Whether you're designing for high power, compact size, or fast charging, our lineup offers the reliability and performance your system demands.
  • Unlocking the Power of EV Inverters: Panasonic Solutions for Next-Gen Mobility

    Unlocking the Power of EV Inverters: Panasonic Solutions for Next-Gen Mobility

    riyo@panasonic
    As electric vehicles (EVs) continue to reshape the automotive landscape, one component plays a pivotal role in driving performance and efficiency: the inverter. This essential device converts direct current (DC) from the battery into alternating current (AC) to power the motor. In this article, we’ll explore the role of inverters in EVs, key design requirements, and how Panasonic’s advanced electronic components are enabling the future of e-mobility.

    What Is an EV Inverter?

    An inverter is a DC/AC converter that transforms the battery’s direct current into alternating current, which is required by most EV traction motors. Without an inverter, the motor cannot operate. Depending on the vehicle type, one or more inverters may be installed—especially in models with in-wheel motors, where each wheel is powered independently.
    Brief description of the inverter

    Motor Types and the Need for Inverters

    EV motors fall into two main categories:
    • Brush Motors: Simple and cost-effective, these run on DC and are typically used in small devices.
    • Brushless Motors: Preferred for EVs due to their high efficiency and precise speed control. These require AC power, making inverters indispensable.

    Features of brush motors and brushless motors

    Market Trends: Why High-Performance Inverters Matter

    With the rapid adoption of EVs, the demand for high-output inverters is surging. Key trends include:

    1. High Power Output

    Modern EVs require inverters that can handle voltages up to 800V and large currents. This demands robust semiconductor components capable of managing high power without compromising reliability.

    2. Heat Resistance

    As components shrink, heat density increases. High thermal resistance is essential to prevent degradation and ensure long-term performance.

    3. Compact & Lightweight Design

    While power output increases, size and weight must decrease to maintain vehicle efficiency. Panasonic addresses this challenge with miniaturized, high-performance components.

    Inside the Inverter: Key Circuit Blocks

    An EV inverter is a complex system composed of several critical circuits:
    • Noise Filter: Suppresses internal and external electromagnetic interference.
    • Voltage Measuring Circuit: Monitors input voltage for precise control.
    • Voltage Conversion Circuit: Uses switching elements (e.g., FETs) to convert voltage, with film capacitors and resistors to manage noise and energy discharge.
    • Current Measuring Circuit: Ensures accurate current control.
    • Control Circuit: Coordinates the entire conversion process.
    • DC/DC Converter: Powers the control circuit using hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitors and automotive-grade inductors.
    • Communication Interface (CAN, Ethernet): Protected by chip varistors to guard against static and noise.

    Overall configuration of the inverter

    Panasonic’s Component Solutions for EV Inverters

    Panasonic Industry offers a comprehensive lineup of components tailored for inverter applications, including:
    • Film Capacitors: Essential for suppressing electromagnetic noise and stabilizing voltage fluctuations.
    • NTC Thermistors: Used for precise temperature monitoring and thermal protection of switching elements.
    • Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors: Deliver stable power in DC/DC converter circuits, ensuring reliable operation under high-load conditions.
    • Power Inductors: Automotive-grade inductors optimized for efficient voltage conversion and noise filtering.
    • Chip Varistors: Provide electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection for communication interfaces such as CAN and Ethernet.
    • Chip Resistors: Crucial for gate control in switching circuits, noise suppression, and energy discharge management. These resistors help stabilize inverter operation and contribute to overall system reliability.
    These components are engineered to meet the demands of high power, thermal resilience, and compact design, making them ideal for next-generation EV platforms.

    Conclusion: Driving the Future with Panasonic

    As EV technology evolves, so too must the components that power it. Panasonic’s advanced solutions for inverters help engineers meet the challenges of high performance, miniaturization, and reliability. Whether you're designing for a compact city EV or a high-performance electric SUV, Panasonic has the components to bring your vision to life.
    Point right Explore Panasonic’s inverter-ready components on https://www.element14.com/ and accelerate your EV innovation today.
    Component Feature High Voltage Large Current  Low Loss Miniaturization High Heat Resistance High Precision
    Film Capacitors High reliability advantage advantage
    Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Low ESR
    High reliability    		 advantage advantage advantage advantage advantage
    Power Inductor for Automotive Application Large current, low loss
    High reliability    		 advantage advantage advantage advantage
    Chip Resistor High precision, high resistance to heat advantage advantage advantage advantage advantage
    Chip Varistor Small and light advantage
    NTC thermistor Small, high resistance to heat advantage advantage advantage
  • What Is a DC/DC Converter in Electric Vehicles (EVs)?

    What Is a DC/DC Converter in Electric Vehicles (EVs)?

    riyo@panasonic

    Essential Power Conversion for Safe and Efficient EV Operation

    Electric vehicles (EVs) rely on two types of onboard batteries: a high-voltage lithium-ion battery and a low-voltage lead-acid battery. While the lithium-ion battery powers the drive motor and is charged via external charging stations, the lead-acid battery supports auxiliary systems and must be charged internally—from the lithium-ion battery. This is where the DC/DC converter plays a critical role: it transforms high-voltage DC power into low-voltage DC power, enabling safe and efficient operation of various vehicle systems.

    Why DC/DC Converters Are Essential in EVs

    Modern EVs are packed with electronic components—from ECUs and cameras to lighting systems—all of which operate on low-voltage power. However, the main drive motor requires high-voltage power (typically 400V or more) to reduce current flow and improve energy efficiency. Without a DC/DC converter, these systems would be incompatible with the vehicle’s power architecture.
    Brief description of the DC/DC converter

    High vs. Low Voltage Applications

    • High Voltage (400V+): Used for drive motors and other high-power systems. High voltage reduces current, minimizing energy loss and improving efficiency.
    • Low Voltage (12V): Powers auxiliary systems such as infotainment, lighting, and control circuits—even within high-voltage devices.

    Why 12V Is the Standard

    The 12V standard originates from early automotive systems that used lead-acid batteries to power starter motors. Today, passenger vehicles still use 12V systems (6 cells × 2.1V), while larger vehicles like trucks often use 24V systems for higher torque requirements.

    Market Trends and Future Outlook

    As EV adoption accelerates globally, the demand for DC/DC converters is expected to rise significantly. Additionally, the electrification of more vehicle systems is driving the need for:
    • Higher output power
    • Smaller form factors
    • Greater thermal resistance
    • Higher precision and reliability
    Panasonic Industry is at the forefront of this evolution, offering a comprehensive lineup of automotive-grade components designed to meet these demanding requirements.

    DC/DC Converter Circuit Architecture

    A typical DC/DC converter consists of several key functional blocks:
    1. Voltage Detection (Input/Output): Measures voltage levels to control conversion accuracy.
    2. Noise Filters: Suppress electromagnetic interference using inductors and hybrid aluminum electrolytic capacitors.
    3. Voltage Conversion Circuit: Uses switching elements and transformers to step down voltage.
    4. Control Circuit: Manages switching operations and overall system behavior.
    5. Communication Interface: Enables external communication via CAN or Ethernet, protected by chip varistors against ESD.

    Overall configuration of the DC/DC converter

    Key Components Used

    • Film Capacitors: For input/output noise filtering
    • Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors: For smoothing and noise suppression
    • Automotive Power Inductors: For voltage conversion
    • High-Precision Chip Resistors: For voltage measurement
    • Chip Varistors: For ESD protection in communication circuits

    Panasonic’s Component Solutions for DC/DC Converters

    Panasonic Industry offers a wide range of high-performance components tailored for automotive DC/DC converter applications:

    Conclusion

    DC/DC converters are indispensable in EVs, enabling the safe and efficient operation of low-voltage systems from high-voltage sources. As EV technology continues to evolve, the demand for compact, high-output, and thermally robust converters will grow. Panasonic Industry is committed to supporting this transformation with advanced electronic components that meet the highest standards of automotive reliability.
    Component Feature High voltage Large current Low loss Miniaturization High heat resistance High precision
    Film Capacitors (Automotive, Industrial and Infrastructure Use) High reliability good good
    Conductive Polymer Hybrid Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Low ESR
    High reliability    		 good good good good good
    Power Inductors for Automotive application Large current, low loss
    High reliability    		 good good good good
    High Precision Chip Resistors
    Small & High Power Chip Resistors    		 High precision, high resistance to heat good good good good good
    Chip Varistor Small and light good
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