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  • ANP057 | WE-MCA Multilayer Chip Antenna Placement & Matching

    ANP057 | WE-MCA Multilayer Chip Antenna Placement & Matching

    nwieland
    The trend to miniaturize wireless communication devices has led to decreased PCB sizes and increased component densities. Although this shift to miniaturized technology has aided many areas of electronic design, it constrains RF front-end design. Due to the nature of antennas sending and receiving electromagnetic signals, they interact and are affected by the entire surrounding environment and are extremely sensitive…
  • Isolated MagI³C Power Module Mastering the 24V Industry Bus II

    Isolated MagI³C Power Module Mastering the 24V Industry Bus II

    nwieland
    Wide Voltage Range – Input Voltage Limits In the industrial environment, 24 V bus systems are widely used to supply a wide range of field devices. Part 1 explained selection criteria for power modules and typical voltage ranges. Part 2 now elaborates on the issues with input voltage limits.
  • EMC Basics: Chip Bead Ferrites & Reading Datasheets

    EMC Basics: Chip Bead Ferrites & Reading Datasheets

    nwieland
    What Are Chip Bead Ferrites? A chip bead ferrite is a small, special type of lossy inductor compared to a typical low loss power inductor. It is used to remove unwanted noise at high frequencies on supply voltage lines, ground planes, and data signals. Remember the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed — it can only be converted. That’s exactly what a chip bead…
  • EMC Basics: Common Mode vs. Differential Noise

    EMC Basics: Common Mode vs. Differential Noise

    nwieland
    As a quick reminder, differential currents flow in opposite directions through the source and return path, while common mode currents flow the same direction through the source and return path, completing the circuit through the ground path.
  • What You Need to Know About EMC Losses

    What You Need to Know About EMC Losses

    nwieland
    EMC, or electromagnetic compatibility, is a critical part of developing electronic devices to make sure they will perform properly and meet standards. An important part of EMC is understanding the losses that occur and knowing how to calculate and control them – all of which we will explain in this article.
  • Understanding EMC and EMI Basics with Würth Elektronik

    Understanding EMC and EMI Basics with Würth Elektronik

    nwieland
    Confused about EMI or EMC? This first article in our series on EMC essentials will help guide you through the basic information that you need to know.
  • ANO007 | Understanding Phototransistor Optocouplers

    ANO007 | Understanding Phototransistor Optocouplers

    nwieland
    An optocoupler, also known as photocoupler or opto-isolator, is a device which can transfer an electrical signal across two galvanically-isolated circuits by way of optical coupling. Unlike transformers or capacitors, which can only transfer AC signals across the isolation barrier, optocouplers can transfer both DC and AC signals alike. This makes them very popular in applications like isolated power supplies or isolated…
  • “GB PoE+ - Ethernet-USB” adapter for industrial use with an EMC perspective

    “GB PoE+ - Ethernet-USB” adapter for industrial use with an EMC perspective

    nwieland
    The “GB PoE+ - Ethernet-USB” adapter was developed on the basis of the reference design “GB-Ethernet-USB Adapter”, which operates without Power over Ethernet (PoE). The adapter without PoE is described in detail in Application Note RD016; the electromagnetic compatibility tests can be found in Application Note ANP116. The “GB PoE+ - Ethernet-USB” adapter has three interfaces, one USB Type-CTm (USB 3.1), one RJ45/Ethernet…
  • See what could happen to your design even with a big insulation distance but with too much condensation

    See what could happen to your design even with a big insulation distance but with too much condensation

    nwieland
    Between each pole of an electrical product standards give insulation distances. This is mainly called “Creepage and clearance”. This will avoid to have short circuits or breakdown (sparks) in case of overvoltage and thus for all the life of the product.
  • ANP122 | Gigabit Power over Ethernet Interface from an EMC perspective

    ANP122 | Gigabit Power over Ethernet Interface from an EMC perspective

    nwieland
    The “GB PoE+ -Ethernet-USB” adapter was developed on the basis of the reference design “GB-Ethernet-USB Adapter”, which operates without Power over Ethernet (PoE).
  • ANP074 | Introduction to RF Inductors

    ANP074 | Introduction to RF Inductors

    nwieland
    RF inductors are used in a wide range of industries from consumer products to highly specialized scientific applications. RF inductors can be used in a plethora of functions in high frequency circuit design. These roles include circuit-tuning, impedance matching, filtering and even as high frequency chokes. One large market today is their use in wireless devices, such as tablets, but also in emerging products like IoT…
  • Simple design tips that will cool down the temperature of your PCB

    Simple design tips that will cool down the temperature of your PCB

    nwieland
    Temperature increase is a natural behavior of electricity. Each component has a resistance and each resistance release heat with current. This is of course the case for connectors and PCB traces. A designer needs to choose his connector and traces cross section to have as less heat as possible. But not oversize them for a question of space and cost. Arrhenius law says that increasing of 10°C the temperature of a PCB…
  • ANP114: Voltage and Frequency Dependence of Ferroelectric Class 2 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

    ANP114: Voltage and Frequency Dependence of Ferroelectric Class 2 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

    nwieland
    After introducing ferroelectricity, a mathematical model for the capacitance-voltage behavior of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) is derived from a dipole polarization model. The parameters of the model are reduced to two fitting parameters. The model is tested against measurements from a selection of MLCCs in the Würth Elektronik portfolio to demonstrate practicality. Since the integral of the capacitance-voltage…
  • ANS019 | Bipolar power supply and isolated signal transmission with MagI³C-FIMM

    ANS019 | Bipolar power supply and isolated signal transmission with MagI³C-FIMM

    nwieland
    Industrial plants, such as warehouse logistics, filling plants, rolling mills, conveyor belts and printing presses, generally require the use of a selection of the following elements for safe operation: Isolation amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters Isolation of digital circuits Interfaces/bus isolation - RS232, RS485, CAN, Interbus, Profibus Measurement and data acquisition
  • ANE018: Plastic Material Properties

    ANE018: Plastic Material Properties

    nwieland
    It has been observed that the natural color of halogen-free polyamide (PA) plastic used in Würth Elektronik connectors turns brown during the SMT process (Reflow soldering). The aim of this technical note is to understand this phenomenon and demonstrate whether and how it may impact the plastic material properties of our connectors. This was achieved by conducting spectroscopy IR and differential scanning calorimetry…
  • POSITIONING & TIMING GNSS: INTRODUCTION

    POSITIONING & TIMING GNSS: INTRODUCTION

    nwieland
    GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) is a system, which provides positioning and time synchronization capabilities to an unlimited number of users worldwide. The system is based on signals from the following four satellite constellations.
  • ANP121: Filter and surge protection for I²C Bus

    ANP121: Filter and surge protection for I²C Bus

    nwieland
    The I²C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) bus is a popular serial communication interface on many circuit boards. It is mainly used to connect microcontrollers with peripheral ICs (e.g. sensors or memory). The bus uses a bidirectional data line (SCL) and clock line (SDA) respectively. However, the I²C bus is not only used on circuit boards. In many applications, the I²C bus is extended into other areas using various connectors…
  • Offline Memory Technology

    Offline Memory Technology

    nwieland
    Part 6: Modern Card Standards Secure Digital (SD) is a Non-Volatile Memory format developed by the SD Card Association (SDA) for use in portable devices. It was launched in 1999 to improve the MMC standard. SanDisk, Panasonic and Toshiba collaborated to create the SD Association in 2000. At the time, there was only one form factor for the SD card. The logo itself is a reuse of the logo created by Toshiba for the Super…
  • ANP083: Adapter PCB for filtering electromagnetic interference on an RS-485 interface

    ANP083: Adapter PCB for filtering electromagnetic interference on an RS-485 interface

    nwieland
    As a result of the constantly growing number of applications based on networked communication via data lines, it is becoming increasingly important to ensure trouble-free operation as well as the safety of electrical systems and devices. By filtering directly at the interface, interference emissions, electrostatic discharges (ESD) and fast transients (burst) are prevented from entering the system and thus negatively influencing…
  • Offline Memory Technology

    Offline Memory Technology

    nwieland
    Part 5: Memory extensions In 1973, R2E created the first microprocessor-based computer the micro-ordinateur, or microcomputer. By the end of the decade, progress made in available RAM and ergonomics made microcomputer usable even by non-trained scientists.
  • ANP007 Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection

    ANP007 Effective USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 filtering and protection

    nwieland
    The USB connector and standard are one of the most widely implemented and successful interfaces ever used. The applications are commercial and industrial, and both have been pushing the standard to be faster. The USB standard has been updated to version 3.2 (Table 1). This standard increases data transfer speeds to 5 GBits/s (Gen 1), 10 GBit/s (Gen 2) and 20 GBit/s (Gen 2x2).
  • Offline Memory Technology

    Offline Memory Technology

    nwieland
    Part 4: Logic Memories Using logic gates (AND, OR, XOR, NOT), it is possible to create a system where you input a value (an address) and you receive a predictable answer (a data output). This form of memory is sometimes called a lookup table, or Read-Only Memory. ROM is non-volatile and fast to access. Random Access Memory will instead store data dynamically, even faster, easily editable but volatile.
  • Offline Memory Technology

    Offline Memory Technology

    nwieland
    Part 3: Film And Magnetic Storage In 1839, Louis Daguerre created the daguerreotype, a method of capturing a picture on a polished metal sheet using chemicals. This is the beginning of photography, lit. “Writing with light”. In 1894, the Lumière brothers created the Cinématographe, a device able to write and read a photographic film – to create a movie and then project it with the same device. A real memory storage, all…
  • Offline Memory Technology

    Offline Memory Technology

    nwieland
    Part 2 : Mechanical and Optical Storage The first offline memory support was made way before the first electronics. From the beginning of the nineteenth century, holes in cards made of rigid paper were used to automate a mechanical loom to weave thread: the Jacquard loom.
  • ANP116 | Gigabit Ethernet interface from an EMC perspective

    ANP116 | Gigabit Ethernet interface from an EMC perspective

    nwieland
    In the design of an Ethernet interface, questions often arise concerning the shield connection of the cable and the front-end design, especially regarding the ground connections. Research on the Internet reveals various suggestions for the shield connection, where a 1 nF Y-capacitor is often suggested. However, the effect of the interface on performance and the EMC behavior are not described. This App Note takes a detailed…